The Market System and the Circular Flow Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Market System and the Circular Flow - Essay Example The idea of the invisible hand suggests that when competition is assumed, public and private interests coincides. The visible hand also suggests that if the profits of the firms are maximized, the society’s output would in return be maximized. The visible hand theory has two main virtues in the marketing system where it creates room for economic freedom and allocates resources effectively and efficiently. The invisible hand theory also suggests that it is individual’s motivation that drives the growth and development of the economy. EcoCommerce101 suggests that invisible hand theory should the concept of transaction among two individuals. The generated information is absorbed by the two economic participants, therefore, allowing proper allocation of resources. Individuals will always try to produce and provide best goods and services that the people are willing and able to buy; therefore, promoting the interests of the society (Basu, 2010). Meanwhile, the government is also responsible in regulating the types of businesses to be established in a certain region to avoid congestion. The government uses the idea of imposing high taxes to its resources. Conclusively, it does not mean invisible hand is only beneficial t o the economy, but the participants might also experience

Analysis of Lady in Black by Francis Cadell Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Lady in Black by Francis Cadell Essay Francis Campbell Boileau Cadell, associated with the Scottish colourists was born in Edinburgh in 1883 and by the age of 16 was studying at the Academie Julian in Paris. During his career he was very much influenced by the Fauvists such as Matisse and on his return to Scotland exhibited much of his own work in Edinburgh Glasgow and London. He died in poverty at the age of 54 after the economic climate made it difficult for him to sell any of his work. He painted landscapes (mainly those of Lona which were a favourite of his), interiors, still life and figures in oil and watercolour but is known most for his portraits of glamorous women. One such portrait, completed in 1921, is ‘Lady in Black’ painted in oil. The painting has a rather macabre mood as the woman within the picture has a reflective expression on her face as if longing for the past. There is a mirror behind her, which may also add to the idea of reflection. She is dressed in black, which adds to the morbid mood as it could indicate she is mourning the death of a loved one. Her body language also expresses sadness as her posture is quite slumped, and the small flowers seen behind her could have been meant for a grave. The shadow over her eyes caused by her large hat makes them look undefined and blurry, giving them a sad, depressed look. The painting itself is also very dark as there is very little light and the colours used are very dull and grey, adding to the dreary mood. The media is used very loosely, in an almost impressionistic manner, which may have sprung from Cadell being exposed to the work of the Impressionists who were active in Paris at the time he was being educated there. He uses strokes of bold colour such as the woman’s lips, the flowers in the background and the pink furniture reflected in the mirror. These strong reds and pinks could symbolise love or passion, which adds emphasis to the woman’s lost love. This piece was more or less typical of the Scottish Colourist movement, but also contains undertones of impressionism as not much line is used; instead different colours are layered on top of each other, as the impressionists were known to do. It is a very realistic piece with a well-expressed dreary, nostalgic mood.

Oxfam Marketing Analysis

Oxfam Marketing Analysis The charitable organisation chosen in this assignment is Oxfam international organisation. Oxfam standing for Oxford Committee for Famine Relief was founded in Britain in 1942 by a group who ran campaigns for food supplies to send for starving women and children in .. (Oxfam, 2012) In 1955, the Oxfam international charitable organisation was formed by a group of 17 independent non- government organisations in 94 countries with the aim to reduce the poverty and injustice. This assignment will discuss various activities of what Oxfam does and how this organisation raise money including fundraising campaign, the awareness programs, organizing inspirational events, etc. running shops which Oxfam has been doing to get money and implement 2 important objectives of the organisations including fighting poverty and fighting for right. Also, this assignment will explain various market and environmental factors which affect the organisation present and future direction. These factors include micro environment and macro environment. In an organization, marketing department is often considered as one of primely important departments to contribute to an organisations success. So, the roles and duties of marketing staffs cannot be denied to success of the department and the organization. This assignment will also discuss about the role play by the marketing staffs of The Oxfam international charitable organization. ANALYSIS The organisations activities Oxfams objectives is fighting poverty and for human rights, in more specific term, injustice in all over the world. The organization has worked world-wide to enable people to act for their rights and manage for their own lives. They believe that everyone has the right to access the essentials of life such as food, clean water, shelter, healthcare, sanitation, education, and livelihood to support themselves, their families and the society. Also, everyone has the right to live free from injustice such as gender injustice, oppression, human violence. So, how does Oxfam accomplish its aims ? The organization has been run many activities including running fundraising campaign, entertainment event, to get money from the donors as well as run many shops selling donated items from donors or products from companies. They will use all the money to support poor and needy people and victims of injustice, so that, these people can eliminate their difficulties and have better life. Firstly, Oxfam believes that poverty is not inevitable , however, it is a real challenge to overcome (Oxfam). To tackle this challenge, Oxfam has been focusing on 2 important areas which are economic justice and Essential services. With economic justice, Oxfam Charitable organization aim is that more men and women will realize their right to secure and durable livelihoods (OXFAM INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC PLAN 2007-2012). To achieve this aim, Oxfam charitable organization works together with many allies and partners in all over the world to accomplish 3 things which are making agriculture work, achieving fairer trade rules, and decreasing the impacts of climate change. They make more agriculture work for poor farmers and labors living in susceptible circumstances to reduce the economic differences among people. They also work to make sure farmers in poor countries have fair trade in world trade. By this activity, farmers in poor countries can access to the big fair trade zone such as EU agricultural markets. For example, Oxfam urges EU to allow Arab countries to fully access to EU agricultural markets while keeping a certain level of protection to their rural development needs (Euro-Med: Seeds of a raw deal?). Oxfam, in addition, supports vulnerable people, especially in agriculture, to adapt climate change. With essential services, the target of Oxfam is that people in poor condition, especially women and girls realize their rights to accessible and affordable essentials of life such as food , clean water, shelter, healthcare, sanitation, edu cation. This activity of Oxfam is focusing on demanding national governments to perform their responsibilities as well as their commitments in delivery of these essentials, supporting civil society organizations to push these governments to take their responsibilities in supplying these essentials, and making sure that rich countries and international associations will donate more funds as well as commit their promise on aid and debt reduction. Secondly, besides fighting poverty, Oxfam is also fighting injustice, especially gender injustice. Oxfam believes that Poverty often happen when peoples basic rights are violated. So that, fighting injustice is one of many ways to fight poverty (Oxfam, 2012). In more specific area, Oxfam fight gender injustice. The goal of Oxfam in this activity is to help more women attain power in their lives, live their lives without violence, and have the right to make decisions. This activity aims to change women attitudes, thinking and beliefs about relation of men and women in order to reduce the rate of violence to women as well as eliminate the gender differences in the work place . This activity supports women to engage more activities, access to leadership at all levels and have the rights to make decisions, so that, they can gain their power over and manage their own lives. Oxfam is known as one of the top charitable organizations in UK as well as around the world. Like other charitable organizations, Oxfam have to do fundraising to get money for activities that they are doing for people and it has to comply to UK legal principles and international laws and regulations for charitable organizations as well. There are many activities which Oxfam have been conducting to raise funds for the organization. There are 2 types of activities that the organization, specifically members of the organization, perform to raise money, and they are direct and indirect activities. First of all, indirect activities of a charitable organization would include activities such as †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Influences of Market and Environment Factors to the Organization. In the 21st century, Profit organizations and Non-for-profit or charitable organizations have to face many challenges. The rapid changes of the economy environment in national and international sphere require these organizations re-formulate and implement new strategies, objectives to meet new challenges. Together with formulate the strategies, objective, the organizations themselves need to make changes to enjoy the competitive advantage from other competitors. As a charitable organization, Oxfam has to face with some changes and challenges that they never faced in the past which are climate change and its consequences, famines and crises of the prices, global financial crises, limitation of energy, proliferation of weapons, urbanization, shortages of natural resources, etc (Oxfam, 2012) . http://www.oxfam.org/en/about/what/purpose-and-beliefs To adapt these changes, Oxfam has to figure out what market and environment factors and forces may influence on their strategies, objective and future direction. There forces can be classified into 2 types which are micro environment and macro environment (Jobber, 2001). The micro environment consisting of factors such as suppliers, customers, distributions and competitors may directly influence the organisations ability to manage to supply their products and services to their selected markets. The macro environment includes various broader forces which not only affect the organization itself but also all factors in the micro environment. These factors in macro environment consist 6 key groups under demographic environment, economic environment, technological, political-legal, and social-cultural environment ( Kotler, †¦). While the micro environment factors can be managed and controlled by the organisation, the macro environment factors are uncontrollable. (Kotler, ). There are 2 types of approaches which are undertaken by Oxfam to analysis the micro or internal environment and macro or external environment market environment. They are PEST analysis and SWOT analysis. PEST ANALYSIS ; SWOT ANALYSIS To analyse the macro environment, it is helpful to indentify all the factors which may affect the organisations demand level, supply level, and cost (Kotter and Schlesinger, 1991). kotler (1998) claims that PEST analysis is a tool which is very helpful for an organization to understand their position in the market, the stage of their business like growth or decline. Together with SWOT analysis, an organization can identify their strengths, weakness, potential opportunities or threads. So that, the organization can develop plan, strategy and direction for operation properly. The marketing of the charitable organization is quite different from marketing of any other profit organizations. While the profit organization can earn the profits by their business by hiring and paying their staffs to achieve the target, the charitable organization keeps their jobs going by getting the donations from donors and supports from volunteers. The Oxfam charitable organization run their all activities not for profit maximization, but more on collecting the money which they get and helps people who are in poverty and need help such as poor farmers, children, women, illiterate, etc. Like other profit and not-for-profit organization, Oxfam charitable organization is affected by market and environment forces. Firstly, economic factor may be the first factor which affects the Oxfams income in particular period obviously because the salary and income of common donors may be affected by the economic conditions such as inflation, high rate of unemployment. The changes of economic condition also affect the selling of products of many of Oxfams shops (Oxfam, 2004?) . Secondly, Oxfam charitable organization is affected by the legal-political environment which varies from country to country. As a international organization, Oxfam affiliates are all over the world. All their activities have to comply with each countrys laws, regulations, legal framework to avoid the illegal form in collecting donations which could affect their image in the future. For example, in UK, all the activities and operations of charitable organizations have to follow the regulations of   the Charities Act, 2006 () which requires the organization keep the annual records, prepare annual account and publish to public on request. So, the Oxfam organization in UK has to follow this regulation strictly in keeping all record about the income, expenditure from fundraising campaign as well as shop selling activities. PHILOSOPHIES Known as one of significant charitable firms in the world, Oxfams marketing concept can be considered as Societal marketing concept. The firm with societial marketing concept manages their marketing strategy in the way that emphasizes on determining and satisfying the needs, wants and interests of target market more efficiently and effectively than competitor. of poor people and people living in poverty and SEGMENTATION; TARGETING; POSITIONING When an organization knows about their target audience, they know everything and it is much easier for them to able to communicate with their target audience. There are many factors that an organization should know about target audience, which can be age, gender, income, types of products they use, programs they watch, etc. The target market of Oxfam charitable organization is the people in poor condition and needs assistances from all areas, regions, religions, etc in all over the world. The target market of the organization also emphasizes on people who are living in condition of injustice, specially women and girls. http://www.oxfamtrailwalker.org.nz/about/oxfam http://www.oxfam.org/en/about/what/purpose-and-beliefs http://www.oxfam.org/en/about/why http://www.oxfam.org/en/about/accountability/strategic-plan

Workplace Violence and How to Prevent it Essay -- Workplace Health and

Workplace Violence and How to Prevent it The Workplace is considered a second home for many people because a work shift may range 8 to 12 hours daily. Based on that fact alone it is important to feel safe, comfortable and content in the workplace. Despite the differences in the public and private sector the mission, goals and objectives of any organization can be similar. For example, productivity, cost effectiveness, efficiency, profit or goods/services and the safety within the establishment is equally important. Unfortunately, the challenges that face management are increasing rapidly and during the past 2 decades "Violence in the Workplace" has become an increased fear among employers and employees. Violence in the Workplace can be defined as" (1) any problem related to the workplace or away from the workplace if it relates to the job" http://www.state.il.us/isp/viowkplc/vwpp1.htm. Violent incidents that may occur on site and violence that occurs away from the job but is job related. Types of job related violence away f rom the job may include telephone harassment, stalking and confrontations. Violence in the workplace has intensified from idle threats to homicides and the majority of assailants are reportedly domestic partners, strangers, customers or clients and employees. "Homicide was the third leading cause of occupational death from 1980 to 1985, accounting for 13 percent of all workplace deaths" (2) http://www.nsi.org/Tips/workdeth.txt. More recent data indicates that the statistics and fear is increasing and the level of safety is decreasing. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), reports "nearly 7000 workers were victims of homicide in the workplace during the period of 1980 to 1989... ...ace". accessed October 17, 1999 available from http://www.workviolence.com ;Internet. Marianne Minor. "Preventing Workplace Violence; Positive Management Strategies". Crisp Publications, Park, Menlo, California, 1995, pg.20. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). "Workplace Violence" available from http://www.osha-slc.gov/SLTC/workplaceviolence/index.html accessed November 19, 1999 Internet. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). "Workplace Violence" available from http://osha.gov/oshinf/priorities/violence.html accessed on November 21, 1999; Internet. Robertson, Dirk. "Violence in your Workplace; How to Cope". Souvenir Press, London, 1993, pg. 19. Tyler, Mary P. "A Manager's Guide: Traumatic Incidents at the Workplace. U. S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM) 1993.

Analysis of Bao-yu’s dream in Cao Xueqin’s ‘Story of the Stone’ Essay

The Story of the Stone by Cao Xueqin is an animated, lively account of life in a large Chinese household in the mid-18th century Qing dynasty. It remains a fascinating novel for modern readers with its vivid and detailed descriptions of the minutiae of daily life – from clothing, food and interior design to education, marriage and death. For all its realism however, The Story of the Stone is not set entirely in reality. The very premise of the whole tale, that of a single rock left out of the goddess Nu-wa’s repairing of the sky, is one based on a magico-religious dream world. The rock is found by a Buddhist and a Taoist who take it down to the mortal world where it lives out a human life, that of Jia Bao-yu, before attaining Nirvana. Once a rock again, a Taoist copies the inscription on its surface †from beginning to end and took it back with him to look for a publisher†. Cao Xueqin’s emphasis on dreams can be seen in the alternative titles for his m asterpiece. A Dream of Red Mansions is the title by which the book is perhaps most commonly known. Twelve Young Ladies of Jinling is also a title suggested in chapter one. Both of these titles refer to the same dream. As David Hawkes explains, ‘hong lou’, red mansion, has the more specialised meaning of the residences of the daughters of rich men and thus, the young ladies themselves. The dream alluded to in these appellations occurs in the fifth chapter of volume one, The Golden Days. Cousin Zhen’s wife, You-shi, has invited the women of the Rong-guo house, accompanied by Bao-yu, round for a flower viewing party. Needless to say, Bao-yu soon tires and asks to take a nap. Rather than going back to the Rong mansion, the wife of his nephew, Jia Rong, leads him to her chamber to sleep. Bao-yu immediately drops off into a vivid dream world. He meets the fairy of Disenchantment who shows him to the Land of Illusion and into the Department of the Ill-Fated Fair. Within this department is housed the ‘Jinling, Twelve Beauties of, Main Register’, a record of the twelve most notable females in Bau-yu’s own province of Jinling. The fairy of Disenchantment allows Bao-yu to read the fates of the twelve girls as recorded in the form of four-line verses. Bao-yu can make little sense of what he reads. Later, the quatrains are expanded into a series of twelve songs entitled A Dream of Golden Days. While the words are sung by a troupe of entertainers, Bao- yu reads along with the manuscript. He still does not understand. Indeed, both the verses in the register and in the song-cycle contain allusions and metaphors not immediately obvious and not easily deciphered. Yet at a most basic level, they provide an outline of the fate of twelve principle female characters in The Story of the Stone. Their fate unfolds throughout the course of the five volume novel. The Golden Days therefore, is only the beginning. But, by the end of the first volume, to what extent have the women already prepared the way for their future course? The first verse in the Main Register is a joint record of Lin Dai-yu and Xue Bao-chai. These two young girls share the affection of Bao-yu and Grandmother Jia. In their own individual ways, they are both paragons. It seems odd therefore that they share only one verse between them. Hawkes puts forward the argument that Dai-yu and Bao-chai †represent two complementary aspects of a single ideal woman†. Evidence for this interpretation lies in the first two lines of their quatrain: One was a pattern of female virtue, One a wit who made other wits seem slow. The combination of wit, or intelligence, and virtue were ideal traits in a Qing woman of the upper class. Arguably it was Dai-yu who held the upper hand in wit while Bao-chai, with her †generous and accommodating disposition†, was the more virtuous. Although in the song-cycle there are two songs for Dai-yu and Bao-chai, it is not the case that one is dedicated to Dai-yu and one to Bao-chai. Albeit the second so ng is solely about Dai-yu, but there are references to both characters in the first song. The character ‘lin’ in Lin Dai-yu is made up of two tree radicals and has the meaning ‘forest’. ‘Xue’ in Xue Bao-chai sounds the same as the Chinese word for ‘snow’ while ‘bao chai’ can be translated as ‘precious’ or ‘gold hairpin’. Thus, the references come in the form of gold, flowers, snow and trees. Bao-yu is alluded to using jade or stone as he was born with a jade stone in his mouth. The first song, The Mistaken Marriage, refers to †the marriage rites of gold and jade†. This foreshadows the marriage of Bao-chai (gold) and Bao-yu (jade). The speaker however, still remembers the relationship between ‘stone and flower’. There is indeed, a special bond between Bao-yu and Dai-yu. Although Bao-yu, †a child†¦whom nature had endowed with the eccentric obtuseness of a simpleton†, fails to recognise it, Dai-yu is an intensely jealous character and resents any time he spends with Bao-chai and not her. Bao-yu struggles to understand the cause of Dai-yu’s mainly irrational sulks, yet always attempts to comfort her: Take kinship first: you are my cousin on Father’s side; cousin Bao is only a mother-cousin. That makes you much the closer kin. And as for length of acquaintance: it was you who came here first. You and I have practicaly grown up together†¦Why should I ever be any less close to you because of her? There is a profound love between Bao-yu and Dai-yu that seems to grow with the progression of the first volume. They share an understanding †so intense that it was almost as if they had grown into a single person.† The speaker suggests however, that later on Dai-yu (†that fairy wood†) dies. Thus, even a wife †so courteous and so kind† as Bao-chai is no substitute for the wife that Dai-yu could have been. Their marriage, even though †others all commend it†, is a mistake. This is succeeded by Hope Betrayed which deals specifically with the close relationship between Dai-yu (†a flower from paradise†) and Bao-yu (†a pure jade without spot or stain†). They are clearly meant for each other but the poem augurs future disaster. The pain heartache that stems from such an ardent love will all be in vain. In one sense these two poems pose an insurrmountable contradiction. Fate, the belief in which provides the premise for this entire dream scene, will have them be together but they are not. They are meant to be but cannot and this inability is portrayed as some kind of mistake, a going against the natural order. Is there then, even such a thing as fate? This question aside, it can be seen that, in the case of Dai-yu and Bao-chai, their journey has barely begun by the end of The Golden Days. Their relationship with Bao-yu is entirely platonic (physically at least) and, although it is perhaps assumed that one of them, most likely Dai-yu, will be be Bao-yu’s future bride, this is only hinted at in jest among the maids and is a source of great embarassement to Dai-yu. The second quatrain and the third poem can be interpretted as Yuan-chun’s fate. Yuan-chun, daughter of Lady Wang and Jia Zheng, is Bao-yu’s elder sister. The first two lines describe her, age twenty, leaving her family to live in the emperor’s palace as a royal concubine. As can be seen by the subsequent effort put into a lavish garden compund in honour fo her visit, this was a posi tion held in great esteem. Although out of modesty, Yuan-chun later changes the name, the setting for her reunion with her family within Prospect Garden initially bears the inscription ‘Precinct of the Celsetial Visitant’. Hence perhaps, the use of the phrase †pomegranate-time†. Hawkes stresses the †redness’ of the original Chinese text, the colour red being a symbol of good-fortune and prosperity. Although much of this sense has inevitably been lost in translation, the red skin of the pomegranate could perhaps be taken as emphasising the great advantages such a position could bestow on both concubine and family. The second half of the quatrain however, does not bode so well for the future. Although Yuan-chun is superior if not in beauty and intelligence then in success to her half-sister Tan-chun and her cousins, Ying-chun and Xi-chun (the †three springs†), her charmed life will come to an end †when hare meets tiger†. Hare and tiger refer to Chinese years. Thus, this prophecy specifies that the date of Yuan-chun’s death will fall at the end of a tiger year and at the beginning of a rabbit year. The third song, Mutability, again prophesises Yuan-chun’s departure from the Rong-guo household to the emperor’s palace. It goes on to describe her appearing before her parents in a dream to pay her †final duty†, forewarning again of her death. By the end of The Golden Days Yuan-chun has indeed left home to become a royal concubine. Although the location of the Jia clan in The Story of the Stone is questionable, it is clear that Yuan-chun and he r family feel cut off from each other in spirit if not by physical distance. Their reunion in chapter eighteen is an emotional one and although the emperor allows visits in the palace once a month, special permission must be granted for a once-yearly return to the family home. It is for this reason, †so far the road back home did seem†, that Yuan-chun will be forced to pay her final filial duties in a dream. (Hawkes points out that this dream sequence never in fact took place. He suggests that Xueqin used the material for this episode in chapter thirteen instead, when Qin-shi appears before Xi-feng in a dream.) Tan-chun, half-sister to Yuan-chun, one of the †three springs† referred to above and daughter of Jia Zheng and a concubine, is the subject of the fourth quatraine in the Main Register. She is †by far the most gifted of the three springs† as well as possessing a kind, generous nature. The first line, †Blessed with a shrewd mind and a noble heart†, is countered however, by the second, †Yet born in time of twilight and decay†. Although The golden Days is essentially a story set in the happy, carefree years of childhood, the bigger picture reveals a time of political and social upheaval, a sense of which permeates many aspects of the novel. Tan-chun’s prophesised marriage in the final two lines will thus perhaps be related to economic considerations. The marriage will clearly not be a happy one. The very title of the fourth song, From Dear Ones Parted, suggests the insuperable distance between Tan-chun and her home and her intense homsickness. The song has Tan-chun referring to †our rising, falling†, meaning the rise and fall of the Jia family. As a result of this, †each in another land must be, each for himself must fend as best he may†, again suggesting that the marriage will be one of economic convenience. Apa rt from allusions to her wit and good character, we learn little about Tan-chun in the first volume of The Story of the Stone. There are however, hints to be found as to her fate. In chapter 22, she attends Grandmother Jia’s riddle party. Asked to compose a riddle, the answer to Tan-chun’s is ‘a kite’. This image of a kite as associated with Tan-chun symbolizes her departure †a thousand miles† away, her flight from the nest. Her riddle also foreshadows her unhappiness once in the marriage: My strength all goes when once the bond is parted, And on the wind I drift off broken hearted. This description of drifting off in the wind ties in with the suggestion in the song that she will be taken to her new husband by boat †through rain and wind†. Like Tan-chun, relatively little reference is made to Shi Xiang-yun, the subject of the fourth quatrain and fifth song. She is the daughter of Grandmother Jia’s brother’s son. Orphaned as a young girl, she first lived with Grandmother Jia before moving in with her uncle, Shi Ding, and his wife. It seems from both the register and the song, that Xiang-yun is destined to find the man of her dreams, †a perfect, gentle husband†. But happiness will be fleeting: Soon you must mourn your bright sunâ€⠄¢s early setting. The Xiang flows and the Chu clouds sail away. The Xiang was a river flowing through the ancient kingdom of Chu. This was believed to be home to a goddess of lovers. But soon †the clouds of Gao-tang faded, the waters of the Xiang ran dry.† This suggests another calamity, perhaps the sudden death of her husband. There is no intimation of Xiang-yun’s fate in The Golden Days. The main scene involving her is one of comic relief as Dai-yu teases her about her lisp and Xiang-yun responds good-humouredly. The impression created is of a happy-go-lucky, lively young girl, quite a contrast from the rather intense and moody Dai-yu. This is best illustrated in Xueqin’s description of them asleep: Dai-yu was tightly cocooned in a quilt of apricot-coloured damask, the picture of tranquil repose. Xiang-yun, by contrast, lay with her hank of jet black hair tumbled untidily beside the pillow, a white arm with its two gold bracelets thown carelessly outside the bedding and two white shoulders exposed above the peach-pink coverlet, which barely reached her armpits. ‘A tomboy, even in her sleep!’ Bao-yu muttered†¦ The sixth woman included in the register is the only one of the twelve who is not a member of the Jia family. Adamantina nevertheless lives among them in Prospect Garden after Yuan-chun issues an edict stating that the garden is not to be closed up. She is a nun and this is reflected in the descriptions of her †otherworldliness† and her †grace and wit to match the gods† that set her †with the rest at odds. Nauseous to [her] the world’s rank diet.â⠂¬  Her final destination however, is clearly one of disrepute. In both the quatrain and the song, she ends up in the mud, impure and shameful. The fact that down here, †only wealthy rakes might bless their luck† suggests that Adamantina will end her days as perhaps a prostitute. By the end of The Golden Days however, she is still a nun who †looks down on common flesh and blood† The seventh of the Twelve Beauties of Jinling is Ying-chun, the eldest of the three springs. She is Jia She’s daughter by a concubine. With the arrival of Dai-yu and Bao-chai, the three springs are relugated to a secondary position in Grandmother Jia’s affections. Ying-chun is thus a rather underdeveloped character in The Golden Days. The sixth entry in the register and the seventh poem both suggest that she will be married off to a violent, unfaithful and cruel bully. There is no hint of this fate in the first volume of the novel. The Golden Days gives away equally little about the subject of the next quatrain and song, Xi-chun. Sister of Cousin Zhen and the youngest of the three springs, seems destined to seek release †from youth’s extravagance† and †to win chaste quietness and heavenly peace† by becoming a Buddhist nun. Wang Xi-feng on the other hand, wife of Jia Lian and cousin to Bao-yu, plays a far more prominent role in The Golden Days. She is a very strong character, a feminist role-model. She has all the qualities of the ideal wife with her managerial prowess and defere nce to her elders, and yet she always manages to be on top. This combination of cunning and virtue can best be seen in the chapters dealing with Qin-shi’s funeral. Having been relegated posthumously to the status of a Noble Dame, the funeral is a grand affair. The sheer cost and man-power involved is staggering and Xi-feng is put in charge of it all. Nevertheless, she manages it with †the decisiveness of a little general†. On the night of the wake, her maturity and superior social skills are further demonstrated when it is left entirely to her to do the honours. Xi-feng’s vivacious charm and social assurance stood out in striking contrast†¦She was in her element, and if she took any notice of her humbler sisters it was only to throw out an occassional order or to bend them in some other way to her imperious will. This can be juxtaposed with the episode in the next chapter when, after the funeral, Xi-feng, Bao-yu and Qin-zhong spend the night in the Water-moon Priory. The prioress Euergesia, catching Xi-feng alone, tells her the story of a benefactor of the priory called Zhang. He is desperate to call off his daughter’s engagement to the son of a captain in the Chang-an garrison. The captain however, is being thoroughly unreasonable and refusing to take back the betrothal-gifts. Euergesia beseeches Xi-feng to use her unfluence to get Jia Zheng to write a letter to General Yun asking h im to †have a word with† the captain because †It is hardly likely that he would refuse to obey his commading officer.† Xi-feng coyly turns her down until Euergesia questions Xi-feng’s ability. Xi-feng ‘relents’ and agrees to take part for the the not so small sum of three thousand taels of silver. Xi-feng is clearly fiscally-minded and savvy, never one to let an opportunity for profit slip by. The hush-hush manner in which this matter of the captain is broached also suggests that it is rather shady business. Yet, any qualms Xi-feng feigns to have about getting involved seem to be easily forgotten. Xi-feng is indeed, as the ninth song states, †too shrewd by half†. She is too focused on self-advancement but with the fall of the Jia family later in The Story of the Stone, Xi-feng’s plotting and manouevering will all come to nothing: Like a great building’s tottering crash, Like flickering lampwick burned to ash†¦ Although the exact nature of Xi-feng’s future is not specified, it is clear that it is not a bright one. She will, as the title of the ninth song says, be †caught by her own cunning†. Although we see none of her decline in The Golden Days, there are hints of a fall to come. When Qin-shi appears to her in a dream, she warn s Xi-feng of the future fall of the Jai family as a whole. She quotes a proverb: †The higher the climb, the harder the fall.† Could this be referring equally to Xi-feng as to the family? Is there a reason why Qin-shi appears before Xi-feng specifically? The tenth Beautiy of Jinling, interestingly enough, does not even appear in the first volume. Qiao-jie, daughter of Xi-feng, nevertheless has some sort of trouble ahead of her. It seems that no one will be spared pain and grief as the Jia family declines. The penultimate Beauty included on the Main Register is Li Wan, mother of Jia Lan. Li Wan was married to Jia Zhu, brother of Bao-yu. Jia Zhu died before the start of the novel as implied by the third line in the eleventh song, †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦the pleasures of the bridal bed† soon fled. The quatrain suggests that their son, Jia Lan, †her Orchid†, will be successful. The song goes further to describe the †awesome sight† of †the head with cap and bands of office on, and gleaming bright upon his breast the gold insignia†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Jia Lan will later pass the civil service exam and become a high official. It is perhaps slightly far-fetched but one of the few mentions of Jia Lan comes in chapter nine, set in the Jia clan school house. As for Li Wan, there is no hint that †the black night of death’s dark frontier lay close at hand.† It would seem that she tragically dies after her son’s appointment. Finally, there is Qin-shi, the twelfth Beauty of Jinling. She is the young wife of Jia Rong but dies of a mysterious unidentified disease half way through The Gol den Days. Of all the women, Qin-shi is the only one whose whole fate is played out in the course of the first volume. It does not, however, run according to plan. Both the quatrain and the song, The Good Things Have an End, explicitly express that she will hang herself. The most likely reason for her suicide is the family’s discovery of her incestuous affair with her father-in-law, cousin Zhen: Say not our troubles all from Rong’s side came; For their beginning Ning must take the blame. Indeed, there are indications of such intrigue. A drunken servant lets slip, in a fit of rage, †Father-in-law pokes in the ashes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The reader is clearly meant to take note of this comment, as Bao-yu subsequently questions Xi-feng as to it’s meaning. Xi-feng is quick in quashing any ideas Bao-yu may have on the subject and †terrified by her vehemence, Bao-yu implored her forgiveness.† There is obviously something to hide. Cousin Zhen’s hysterical reaction after her death is also a sign that their relationship was not as it seemed. He is inconsolable, proclaiming: †Now that she has been taken from us it’s plain to see that this senior branch of the family is doomed to extinction!† The poem accordingly, states that her death, †the ruin of a mighty house protended.† Qin-shi’s suicide does not however, take place and she instead dies of natural causes. A reason for this discrepancy is put foward by Hawkes. While Xueqin did originally have Qin-shi hanging herself †from painted beams†, a notation by one of the commentators on the original manuscript states that her †ordered† Xueqin to remove the scene. Xueqin reluctantly did so but, unenthusiastic about the change, failed to make the necessary alterations to the rest of the text. Having examined the fates of the Twelve Beauties of Jinling as expressed in the Main Register of the Department of the Ill Fated Fair and in the fairy of Disenchantment’s song cycle, it becomes immediately obvious that tradgedy lies ahead. With the decline of the Jia family will come a decline in the fortunes of each of the women. It is also clear that by the end of the first volume of The Story of the Stone the story has, in fact, barely begun. The Jia household is still powerful and rich, the child heros are still young and and insouciant, these are still the golden days.

A Reverse PIN Wont Contact Police

A Reverse PIN Won't Contact Police An online rumor started in October 2006 claims ATM users can quickly contact police in the event of an attempted robbery by entering their PIN in reverse. This claim is false. Reverse PIN and Technology False, for now, that is. Technology exists which would allow ATM users to contact police in an emergency by punching in their PIN (personal identification number) in reverse, but as of this publication it has not yet been implemented anywhere in the United States. Lawmakers in the states of Kansas and Illinois introduced legislation calling for the institution of reverse-PIN emergency notification systems (also known under the brand name SafetyPIN) in 2004, but the Kansas bill stalled in committee and the Illinois bill was watered down at the behest of the banking industry, making the adoption of the technology purely voluntary - which it already was. According to a story published in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, bankers are opposed to the reverse-PIN system because of safety concerns. They fear that ATM users might hesitate or fumble under duress while trying to enter their PINs backwards, possibly increasing the chances of violence. The banking industry is in favor of finding a means to protect ATM customers, a member of the American Bankers Association said, but question whether the reverse-PIN solution is the right one. Inventor of PIN Number Reversal Says Banks in Denial The inventor of SafetyPIN, Joseph Zingher, claims the banking industry is afraid to admit the growing extent of ATM robbery. Exact figures are hard to come by because ATM holdups are lumped in with other types of bank robbery in the FBIs annual crime statistics. Of the 8,000 to 12,000 bank robberies per year counted by the FBI over the past 15 years, 3,000 to 4,000 were ATM robberies, according to the banking industry. Some crime experts suspect the figure is actually higher. Bankers, for their part, insist they do acknowledge the problem of ATM crime and recommend that customers exercise due caution and be aware of their surroundings when using automated teller machines. Heres a sample email about the false claim of a reverse pin number contributed by J. Brouse on Dec. 6, 2006. PIN NUMBER REVERSAL (GOOD TO KNOW)If you should ever be forced by a robber to withdraw money from an ATM machine, you can notify the police by entering your Pin # in reverse.For example if your pin number is 1234 then you would put in 4321. The ATM recognizes that your pin number is backwards from the ATM card you placed in the machine. The machine will still give you the money you requested, but unknown to the robber, the police will be immediately dispatched to help you.This information was recently broadcast on TV stating that it is seldom used because people dont know it exists. Sources and further reading: Why Reverse PIN Is Not in UseAbout.com: U.S. Government, May 16, 2014 Technology to Keep You Safe at ATM MachinesWOAI-TV News, September 22, 2006 Why Great Ideas Get Shot DownFortune Small Business,   February 1, 2006 Inventor, Kansas Senator Back Idea to Thwart ATM HoldupsSt. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 3, 2005 Banking on ATM SafetyForbes, January 28, 2004

Influence of French Cuisine on Indian Hospitality Industry Research Paper Example

Influence of French Cuisine on Indian Hospitality Industry Research Paper Example Influence of French Cuisine on Indian Hospitality Industry Paper Influence of French Cuisine on Indian Hospitality Industry Paper Hospitality is a term used for referring the cordial, generous and friendly reception of the guests or strangers in a hotel or food service industries such as restaurants, cafe , bar and other such type of establishments. The term hospitality industry is usually defined by its output of products, which satisfy the needs, and demands of the guests who visit these types of establishments. These establishments provide food, accommodation and drinking facilities to the guests. The different star category hotels provide different services to the guests as per the star categorisation. There are three classes of professional cookery associated with the craftsman and they are graded according to the quality of the materials used. These classes are Cuisine simple or plain cookery, Cuisine Bourgeois of middle class cookery, and Cuisine Haute or high class cookery. In Indian cuisine, there are two classes: simple and high class. Simple cookery is confined to the preparation of the everyday practical type of dishes. And the high class cookery has a wide range of variety. Where expensive materials are used to prepare complicated and elaborate dishes. France has a long culinary tradition. French cuisine now a day is a result of centuries of research, elaboration and perfection. The French are proud of their cuisine. It is an integral part of their culture. It is the interest of French for good food. The chefs have always been encouraged to elaborate new dishes to satisfy the most discriminating palate. The French chefs introduced new dishes and sophisticated techniques that they adapted to French products. Georges Auguste Escoffier was the great chef of this century. French cuisine is sophisticated, varied, well balanced and based on local and high-quality products. French cooking involves a large number of techniques, some extremely complicated, that serve as basics. Not only do basic cooking techniques require great skill, but they also demand a deep understanding of the ingredients themselves. Just as the vintner knows that the finest Bordeaux comes from the grapes grown on that side of the hill and not this, so too the chef knows not only from which region come the finest petits pois (small, young green peas), but from which town. Many foods are known by the town that made them famous, such as Pessac for strawberries, the peas of Saint-Germaine, Macau artichokes, the Charolais steer, butter of Isigny. Like any art form, the foundation of Indian cooking is based on technique. There is a body of knowledge about the food itself the vegetables, the spices, the herbs, the curries but this information is meaningless unless applied with sensitivity. Over the length and breadth of India, in the different homes in India, of the rich and the poor, one comes across a wide range of flavours, styles and tastes. Many styles of cooking seen in different parts of the world can also be found in one or the other part of India. In India one sees society, culture, language, food and people change dramatically as one goes from North to South or East to West. With the entry of Europeans into India, many exotic ingredients entered the Indian kitchen. Potatoes, chillies, tomatoes and cheeses came into India and were used generously. Jams, jellies, yeast raised breads, pastries and casseroles were prepared with hints of Indian spices. Chillies, potatoes and tomatoes found much love in India and have become staples of the Indian kitchen. The French cuisine has a great influence on the Indian hospitality industry in the way of the service of the dishes to the guests. The French cuisine was having 17, 15 and 13 course menus. This has now a day reduced to only 4 to 5 courses. Now a day these 13 courses are reduced to 4 or 5 courses but a strict menu planning rules are followed while planning any meal based on the French course. In India only a thali system was prevalent in most of the restaurant or there habit of taking only one main dish and with it roties or parathas or chapaties or rice as the wish of the guests at a time as a whole meal with limited accompaniments such as pickle, papad and chatani. But today in most of the well known restaurants or in restaurants of star hotels the lunch or dinner starts by hors d oeuvres followed by soup, main course, salad, cheese, and finally dessert. And different courses have different accompaniments. In French cuisine great emphasis is laid on the presentation of the dishes and garnishes and accompaniments, which makes the dish colourful. The menu is word originally relate to the French cuisine is now adopted by the Indian cuisine. Traditionally there are 2 types of preparing a menu card those are table d hote and a la carte. The menu card is now prepared in such a way which is based on the table d hote style and providing sufficient number of dishes to choose by the guests as it is in the a al carte menu planning. The French cuisine has given the table set-up to the Indian hospitality industry, which was not part of the traditional Indian hospitality. The spoons and fork are the gift of the French cuisine to the Indian hospitality industry. Today most type of restaurants are keen to serve the guests in the most appropriate manner. The type of serving is getting deeper and deeper in the Indian hospitality industry. It has become the prominent thing where the food and beverage managers give their most attention. The French cuisine has given the Indian cuisine the wine and champagne. These are the gifts of the French cuisine to the Indian hospitality industry. In French cuisine wine is used for cooking to enhance the taste and to give an unusual flavour and this is a unique feature of the French cuisine. There is an appropriate wine for preparing each dish. And also there is an appropriate wine to be served with each course as an accompaniment. Grape aperitifs, which are drunk before the meal and not between meal and digestifs, are drunk after the meal is over. The dry rose wine is a best accompaniment of the starter course. Like this there are different wines, which accompany different courses. In India also the production of wine and champagne has been started but the quantity and quality of the production is not comparable to the wine and champagne produced in the France. As well as the French cuisine has given different types of cocktails and mocktails to the Indian hospitality industry. The French cuisine has some distinctive spices and herbs, which gives a unique flavour, taste and originality to the dishes. Some of these are parsley, celery, basil, tarragon, thyme, rosemary, chives, shallots, allspice, bayleaf, paprika, pepper, nutmeg etc. Some of these spices and herbs are produced in India and some of them are imported for making their use in the food preparation. Asparagus, artichokes, carrots, turnips, aubergines, broccoli, swedem, seakale, cardoon, brussels, sprouts, topinambow, mushrooms etc are some of the continental vegetables, which are used, in the French cuisine. Some of these are grown here and the remaining are imported for the use in the kitchen. The different types of cuts of vegetables, meat, poultry and fish are influenced the Indian cuisine which are basically from the French cuisine. Cheese is also a gift of the French cuisine to the Indian hospitality industry. Cheese in the French cuisine used for base of the dish, garnish to soups, blended with sauces or grated and sprinkled on top of the dishes and gratinated. And also as a part of the 13 course menu. Cheese now a day also used in the preparation Indian dishes. But the use of cheese as a part of course has not yet started in the restaurants where French cuisine is served. Butter, olive oil or salad oil is also used in Indian dishes as a cooking medium, which are basically the French cooking medium. As the cheese: sandwich, pastries and pastas are also came from the French cuisine to the Indian cuisine. The French cuisine also has an influence on the Indian hospitality industry in the way the modern day marriage functions, birthday parties and other different functions arrangement is concern. In most of the functions welcome drink is served to the guests then the starters then the soup then the main course and at the end it is the dessert, which is served to the guests. The sitting banquet parties, room service, hospital service and buffet service in India are the influence of the French cuisine on the Indian hospitality industry. In conclusion I would like to mention here that as the days are passing by and because of the need of satisfying the foreign travellers in India as well as the changing eating habits of the Indian population the French cuisine is facing too many changes in the form of preparing the French dishes with Indian herbs and spices in India without damaging the classical value of each dish as the chef Raji Jallepalli who is preparing a Franco-Indian dishes which are popular in her Memphis based restaurant. As well as the Indian cuisine is also changing its look and appearance in the form of garnishing and accompaniments served with Indian dishes based on the French cuisine. In India also the chefs are changing the flavour of the French dishes to suite the taste of the Indian guests. The influence of the French cuisine on the type of service is influencing the other service sectors in India. The French empire has a great influence on Indian city Pondicherry because they ruled on this city for more than 100 years and because of which this city can be called as a city of France, which is situated in India.

A Brief History Of Internal Auditing In Mauritius Accounting Essay Example

A Brief History Of Internal Auditing In Mauritius Accounting Essay Example A Brief History Of Internal Auditing In Mauritius Accounting Essay A Brief History Of Internal Auditing In Mauritius Accounting Essay Nowadays, it is going progressively hard to disregard the construct of Internal Audit in the concern universe. Among the well known definitions of IA, there is the Institute of Internal Auditors ( IIA ) ( 2009 ) which defined it as: An independent, nonsubjective confidence and consulting activity designed to add value and better an organisation s operations. It helps an organisation carry through its aims by conveying a systematic, disciplined attack to measure and better the effectivity of hazard direction, control, and administration procedures. This definition embodies a complete position of IA with respect to put on the line direction, control and administration ( Leung et al. , 2011 ) . The Internal Audit Function ( IAF ) should therefore non merely analyze the effectivity but besides assistance in the betterment of the hazard direction procedure ( Pickett, 2010 ) . 1.1.2 A brief history of internal auditing in Mauritius In Mauritius, the recent developments in the field of IA have led to a renewed involvement in this peculiar construct. In the past decennaries, IA was seen as a mechanism to double-check the 1000s of fiscal minutess that were posted to the histories each hebdomad ( Owusu, 2012 ) . In contrast, today s IA facilitates the development of suited controls as portion of a wider hazard scheme, and provides confidences on the dependability of these controls. In the present and future Mauritian concern environment, the IAF can no longer retain the traditional transaction-based function ( Pickett, 2003 ) . However, this shows a demand to respond more rapidly in today s planetary market place where companies are seeking to accomplish its strategic ends. It is therefore critical in placing chances, hazards and exposures that can find success or failure. Besides, PricewaterhouseCoopers ( PwC ) ( 2005 ) in Mauritius provides a scope of IA services, from outsourcing and co-sourcing, to Sarbanes-Oxley services and Quality Assurance Reviews that go above traditional fiscal coverage to assist IA gain its full strategic potency. It is deserving observing the function of IA is germinating because of economic conditions, new and rising hazards. These scenarios are making a dynamic environment and a new chance for IA to show its worth in pull offing hazard. In this fluid environment, many companies are fighting to manage or even to place the complex hazards they face. 1.2 Background of Research In position of the compelling nature of the 2011 fiscal crisis which has had a negative consequence in Mauritius and many other states across the Earth, houses are being persuaded to make a more in depth work with a more holistic attack to put on the line direction. As administrations struggle for success after the crisis, many are inquiring: What is, and what should be, the function of internal auditing in hazard direction? Correspondingly, in the wake of corporate dirts and the planetary fiscal crisis, corporate administration has received immense attending from regulators and the populace. The past decennary has seen the rapid development of IA in hazard direction. Regulatory responses have focused on increasing revelation demands associating to corporate administration and this has, in bend, driven increased consciousness and demand for internal confidence on corporate administration processes, particularly, internal control and hazard direction. Having a alone place within the administration, the internal audit map ( IAF ) is good placed to supply this confidence and is an indispensable constituent of the corporate administration mosaic. Consequently, the function of IA has evolved well. Primarily, in the yesteryear, IA focused on internal control while today, it emphasized on concern hazard. Second, there is a alteration signifier an independent assessment map towards an integrated hazard direction. IA is besides going a existent direction adviser while affecting in an aim and consulting activity. 1.3 Internal Audit and Risk Management There is considerable involvement in the research of IA and hazard direction. The hazard direction is nevertheless believed to be a cardinal duty of direction. This issue refers to the manner by which an administration analyses, feats, fundss, and proctors hazards from all beginnings so as to add to the house s short and long-run value to its stakeholders. However, administrations are being pressurised to place all the concern hazards they face such as societal, ethical, environmental every bit good as fiscal and operational hazards. They need to explicate how they cut down the hazards to the minimal degree. Meanwhile, houses have acknowledged that the turning engagement of IA and hazard direction is of import. This is because, the IA has to verify the adequateness of the hazard direction procedure that is, whether direction has planned and designed it suitably by guaranting that it provides sensible confidence that the administrations aims will be achieved. Despite IA s natural involvement in hazard direction, there is argument as to their combination. Undoubtedly, the internal hearers varied functions and accent on hazard direction are dependent on the adulthood of the hazard direction procedure in the house. Consequently, there is an pressing demand that precautions are put in topographic point to guarantee that the full company particularly, internal hearers to the full understand direction s duty towards hazard direction. However, this has lead to a new construct covering with the betterment of the traditional construct known as the Enterprise Risk Management ( ERM ) . Consequently, the IA profession has become a cardinal driver of ERM which is defined by the Committee of Sponsoring Organisations ( COSO ) ( 2004 ) as: a procedure, effected by an entity s board of managers, direction, and other forces ; applied in a scheme scene and across the endeavor ; designed to place possible events that may impact the entity ; and pull off hazard to be within its hazard appetency to supply sensible confidence sing the accomplishment of entity aims. This definition has included all facets related to an effectual hazard direction. 1.4 Problem Statement Indeed, many administrations exist to accomplish their ain specific ends and aims. Unfortunately, ends are non ever achieved as expected, because they have to be achieved in an environment of hazard. Surely, no entity operates in a riskless environment, and hazard direction will non make such an environment. In this position, hazard direction is an country of paramount importance to a house. Because every company is exposed to hazards, effectual hazard direction is necessary for the patterned advance of a concern entity. Risk direction will, nevertheless, assist direction to run more efficaciously in an environment filled with hazard. A new attack to hazard is now called the ERM. However, portion of the covering with hazards includes the IAF, which exists to analyze and describe on hazard exposures and the administration s hazard direction attempts. Hence, a inquiry that arises is whether the IA is an of import participant in hazard direction. However, there is besides a existent danger of IA losing their independent position within administrations if they merge excessively much into hazard direction maps. There is besides a great demand to look into how this engagement of IA in hazard direction can raise any menaces to IA objectiveness and independency. 1.5 Research Objectives: As a consequence, the chief research aims of this survey are as follows: To analyze on how the function of IA has changed in the recent old ages by emphasizing on its importance in administration. To critically analyze how IA see itself as an of import participant in hazard direction within the Mauritanian companies, by stressing on its significance. To look into how this engagement of internal hearers in hazard direction can raise any menaces to internal hearers objectiveness and independency. To find the extent to which ERM is implemented and used in the entities of Mauritius every bit good as to analyze the different functions that IA can or can non set about in relation to put on the line direction. However, this undertaking is structured as follows: the following subdivision reviews the literature which farther develops our research methodological analysis. This is followed by the subdivision that analyses the research findings and eventually comes the decision and recommendations subdivision.

Tort law undergraduate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tort law undergraduate - Essay Example One should be aware that this is another province in which the relationship among Human Rights Act and the common law principles will have to be worked out over periods of time. Further, the introduction of HR Act has not resulted in any major changes in the court’s outlook to the public official’s obligation at common law. (Lunney & Oliphant 2008: 530). In Van Colle case, the plaintiff’s son, who was likely to be a witness, in an ensuing criminal trial process, was under constant intimidation and threat which the police were aware as he had duly intimated to police about this, and the plaintiff’s son was murdered before the commencement of trial itself. Under Article 2 of the HRA, a claim was brought under the HRA for the infringement of the duties. (Lunney & Oliphant 2008:148). Thus , an action was initiated against the police for awarding compensation under the HRA 1998 , basing on a failure by the police as they failed to save the life of a citizen under police’s positive obligation under art .2 of ECHR and got a favourable verdict at first instance. The police appealed to the Court of Appeal, and it was unsuccessful and then made an appeal to House of Lords where the Lords gave the verdict in favour of police. In â€Å"Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire†, (Harpwood 106), the decision of Houses of Lords was footed on public policy, which functioned as a watertight guard in civil claims for the police which resulted in a disproportionate bar on the privileges of individuals. (Harpwood 106). House of Lords was of the opinion that there was no fundamental for inflicting duties on the police as it would interrupt with the freedom of action which police is required when dealing with a grave crime(Harpwood 106). However, in Hill case, Lord Keith was of the view that police may be tortuously responsible to an

Introduction to Hegel's Philosophy on Art Essay

Introduction to Hegel's Philosophy on Art - Essay Example In his work, Hegel’s (pp.35) idea revolves around the fact that art is on its way to extinction from the fact that the society is moving on its own way, a situation whereby actions that relate to art will be justified on the basis of beliefs. In the case of productions of nature and production of art, there is a great disparity between the two. Productions of art, in this case, are not much more inclined on modernity- aspects that hold less value to the perfection of art. He continues to argue that art must originate from the individuals, and not from modernity attributes that derail the progress of art. According to Hegel (pp.36), productions of nature can be described as upholding the features of aesthetics, unlike the works of art that are much more concerned with the status and recognition that the artists may acquire from their work. This, however, needs not be confused, art is not about recognition of pieces done, but recognition on good pieces produced. It is due to thi s fact that Hegel terms art as completely dead and does not believe in any idea that art may, by any chance be expected to revive. In fact, in his works, he is keen to say that there is nothing much better that the Greek architecture that come up from the exiting humanity. Hegel (pp.35) terms Greek pieces of art as aesthetics, as they embrace all the aspects of a good piece of work unlike today’s pieces that are only concerned with issues of modernity. Hegel can be indicated to seek happiness from the fact that that part of ‘true’ art is gone and no one can improve or change that. Productions of art, on the other hand, do not encompass, what Hegel would term as basic â€Å"need† from which all art-making process operates- the spirit- but just come up with pieces that would elevate the status of the artist. Hegel’s thoughts comparison on the productions of art versus the productions of nature can be best understood under the definition of both concep ts. Productions of art, according to Hegel, are motivated by the visual images or rather the sensory perceptions of the artist. Productions of nature, according to Hegel (pp.36) are not vivid enough, as it emanates from the human mind, and at times, the entire aspect can be considered vague. Concepts of nature, in this context, can be described as being too imaginative to be real. Productions of art according to Hegel revolve around ideas of beauty. Beauty, as he describes includes the ideas behind composition of any piece of art by an artist. This turns down to the basic need of production of art as underlying from the spirit of the artist. Judgment of the pieces of art can be described if the piece of art is good enough or not. Hegel’s argument on art, in essence, revolves around the concept of well-organized thoughts prior to the compilation of any piece of art. As a result, productions of art revolve around the senses and spirits that have created such great pieces of art . On a layman’s point of view, productions of art can be described as those pieces that communicate various forms of messages to the target audience with a lot of ease. Just like other areas like Philosophy, Psychology developed; art has gone through a form of transition from medieval art to art that conveys meanings to

Cross Cultural management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Cross Cultural management - Essay Example noted is that there are researches and case study analyses regarding cross-culture in abundance conducted over the years to understand the changing prospects of cross-culture communication. Past researches conducted so far regarding the subject of cross-cultural communication have been able to understand and assess the ways in which so. The chosen strategy for this research paper aims to undertake a case study analysis of the Swedish organization to understand the prospects of cross-cultural communication and its impact on the organizational operations. The subject of cross-culture management and issues arising in the international business economy is critical because it pertains to interconnected fields of study. For instance, cross cultural communication undertakes major inspirations for study from communication, psychology and other fields of social sciences. Therefore, it is extremely important to evaluate differing aspects of cross cultural communication. It is due to this reason that in order to conduct the assessment of cross cultural communication within an existing organization, different disciplines and aspects will be taken into consideration. It is imperative to elaborate regarding cross-culture communication and management before understanding the aspects or factors that affect cross-cultural communication in accordance to the case study of ImseVimse. Andrews in his research entitled â€Å"Cross-Cultural Management† (2009) marked that cross cultural communication is a very critical area of management. It is because employees, international vendors or suppliers etc. are considered as major assets for organizations. Globalization has made organizations to hire employees from different cultures and socio-economic backgrounds. In the similar fashion, Haghirian (2012) also noted and explained cross-culture communication and its management as an integral part of service for managers. It is merely because it has everything to do with different employees and

Annotated Bibiograpgies of 6 SPANISH works Bibliography

Bibiograpgies of 6 SPANISH works - Annotated Bibliography Example El fama mas destacado de Dario esta derivado de estos tres. Sin embargo, Azul, reconocido como la obra que mas defina el movimiento modernista, es una coleccion de prosa y verso que representa la interpretacion de Dario. Esta intepretacion incluye principios artisticos de la escuela de parnassismo frances. Este enfoque en el parnassismo frances incluye restriccion, objetividad, y descripcion precisa, en su lengua nativa. Con sus temas y sintaxis directo, las escrituras en Azul reanimen a la literatura espanola. Desde su titulo enigmatico a la estructura de de la obra, que consiste de historias y poemas, es la obra mas representativa del periodo modernista. Ya esta aceptado que con esta coleccion de poesia, Dario se ha dado un nuevo sentido y ritmo a la lengua espanola. Su obra Azul es una parte de trabajo que de veras merece reconocimiento ancho. Annotated Bibliography (cont'd) Franco, Jean. An Introduction to Spanish-American Literature. 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, 1995. sta es una edicin revisada, actualizada de la obra clsica de Jean Franco que se llama Introduction to Spanish-American Literature. Primero publicada en 1969, esta obra se ha sido recomendada mucho puesto que ese tiempo. El alcance de esta obra se extiende a partir de las pocas coloniales hasta hoy en dia. Los captulos posteriores fueron refundidos radicalmente para tomar cuenta de la mayora de los recientes desarrollos en literatura y crticas. Las traducciones inglesas se proporcionan para las citas espaolas en el texto, y las listas de lectura extensivamente actualizadas de material primario y secundario. Estas listas se refieren no slo a los textos espaoles pero tambin, donde disponibles, para las ediciones en ingls. En su...Con sus temas y sintaxis directo, las escrituras en Azul reanimen a la literatura espanola. sta es una edicin revisada, actualizada de la obra clsica de Jean Franco que se llama Introduction to Spanish-American Literature. Primero publicada en 1969, esta obra se ha sido recomendada mucho puesto que ese tiempo. El alcance de esta obra se extiende a partir de las pocas coloniales hasta hoy en dia. Los captulos posteriores fueron refundidos radicalmente para tomar cuenta de la mayora de los recientes desarrollos en literatura y crticas. Las traducciones inglesas se proporcionan para las citas espaolas en el texto, y las listas de lectura extensivamente actualizadas de material primario y secundario. Estas listas se refieren no slo a los textos espaoles pero tambin, donde disponibles, para las ediciones en ingls. En su estudio importante, Jean Franco dedica su introduccin a la literatura de Amrica espaola. Esta cubierto el periodo entre la Conquista y circa 1750, y dentro de sa, da el apenas un por ciento de su paginacion al tratamiento de la literatura indgena. Desde la publicacin de este libro, sin embargo, la nocin de las obras literarias hispanoamericanas ha alterado drsticamente y la

Grey Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Grey Intelligence - Essay Example This has forced the government of the United States of America to use unconventional styles to counter terrorism. Intelligence had been converted into a private service. Private companies are playing a prominent role in the interrogation of prisoners besides sending intelligence signals1. It is now official that 70 per cent of United States budget on intelligence services goes to these private companies. The government of United States has heavily invested in paramilitary forces posing the question of reliability and the threat of leakage of government secrets. The concept of grey intelligence or privatization of intelligence has introduced the fears of conflict of interest between the private sector and intelligence agencies2. The United States senate encouraged the relationship between private sector and intelligence community three years after the September 2001 terrorist attack. The contractors outnumber the employees of United States government in Pakistan. The private companies are now involved in water boarding the war crimes detainees using the CIA facilities. The private intelligence companies seem to be allowed to use lethal force in some environments3. Questions have been raised over the use of the United States Special Forces in the paramilitary forces. Many people are increasingly viewing privatization of intelligence as a strategy to use force without an accountability framework. In the military terms, the term intelligence refers to the analytical product of private companies or intelligence agencies. The activities of these private companies are said to be reinforced by covert operations. The use of outsourced or privatized intelligence has spread the use of terrorists surveillance program (TSP). The program enables these companies to intercept electronic messages including phone calls. It is clear that the contractors are involved in water boarding the Al Qaeda detainees. The yielding of

Law of Finance and Securities Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Law of Finance and Securities - Assignment Example What should a depositor do in such kind of situation? Relevant Laws An unclaimed money refers to â€Å"all principal, interest, dividends, bonuses, profits and sums of money legally payable by an ADI (Australian Deposit-taking Institution) but in respect of which the time within which proceedings may be taken for the recovery thereof has expired, and includes moneys to the credit of an account that has not been operated on either by deposit or withdrawal for a period of not less than seven years† (s69.1 Banking Act (BA) 1959). It is classified into three: (1) money in which its recovery â€Å"has been or may be barred by operation of law† (2) deposited money (3) â€Å"share capital subscribed for a share in a body from which the capital subscribed may be withdrawn by the subscriber† (s8 Unclaimed Money Act 1995 (UMA)). These three are held by an enterprise in an account which â€Å"has not been in operated for at least† six years or shorter as may be requi red by regulations or as may be confirmed by the Chief Commissioner to a certain enterprise (s7.1 UMA 1995). An Australian Deposit-taking Institution is obliged to transmit a statement to the Treasurer of all the amount of unclaimed money (s69.3 BA 1959). The sums of unclaimed money should have a minimum amount of one hundred dollars or higher (s69.3 BA 1959). An enterprise holding an unclaimed money should make reasonable efforts to locate and identify the money owner as well as to make sure that the owner is paid (s8A.1 UMA 1995). A failure to do so would not make the money an unclaimed money (s8A.2 UMA 1995). The owner of the unclaimed money has the right to recover the money from the Commissioner of Internal Revenue (s15 UMA 1995). An application for repayment should be lodged by the owner at any period before such right is extinguished (s17-18 UMA 1995). The right shall be terminated if no action has been made to recover the money within the six year period from the date of pay ment of the unclaimed money to the Chief Commissioner (s16 UMA 1995). Application Under BA 1959, Elizabeth’s money could be an unclaimed money if she has not been active with her bank account for at least seven years. On the other hand, based on UMA 1995, Elizabeth’s money in the bank would be judged as an unclaimed money if her bank account has not been in operation for not less than six years or shorter and that the bank had exerted reasonable efforts to locate her but was proven unsuccessful. In the instant scenario, it would seem that Elizabeth had not been active with her bank account for more than seven years. The facts of the case provide that she discovered an old bank book she had as a child. If her money is indeed an unclaimed money, then, the bank has a right to pass it to the government. To note, the minimum amount of money required under section 69.3 of BA 1959 is one hundred dollars. In the instant case, Elizabeth had over one thousand dollars in her old bank account. There is no notification period provided under UMA 1995. Nonetheless, it is emphasized that reasonable efforts should be exerted by the bank to locate and identify the owner of the money before declaring the money as an unclaimed money. The reason of which is that some people actually tend to forget their bank accounts (Tyree 2008). They move to other places and do not receive notifications (Tyree 2008). If the bank holding Elizabeth’s money had performed the cited requisite but was proven un

Annotated Bibiograpgies of 6 SPANISH works Bibliography

Bibiograpgies of 6 SPANISH works - Annotated Bibliography Example El fama mas destacado de Dario esta derivado de estos tres. Sin embargo, Azul, reconocido como la obra que mas defina el movimiento modernista, es una coleccion de prosa y verso que representa la interpretacion de Dario. Esta intepretacion incluye principios artisticos de la escuela de parnassismo frances. Este enfoque en el parnassismo frances incluye restriccion, objetividad, y descripcion precisa, en su lengua nativa. Con sus temas y sintaxis directo, las escrituras en Azul reanimen a la literatura espanola. Desde su titulo enigmatico a la estructura de de la obra, que consiste de historias y poemas, es la obra mas representativa del periodo modernista. Ya esta aceptado que con esta coleccion de poesia, Dario se ha dado un nuevo sentido y ritmo a la lengua espanola. Su obra Azul es una parte de trabajo que de veras merece reconocimiento ancho. Annotated Bibliography (cont'd) Franco, Jean. An Introduction to Spanish-American Literature. 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, 1995. sta es una edicin revisada, actualizada de la obra clsica de Jean Franco que se llama Introduction to Spanish-American Literature. Primero publicada en 1969, esta obra se ha sido recomendada mucho puesto que ese tiempo. El alcance de esta obra se extiende a partir de las pocas coloniales hasta hoy en dia. Los captulos posteriores fueron refundidos radicalmente para tomar cuenta de la mayora de los recientes desarrollos en literatura y crticas. Las traducciones inglesas se proporcionan para las citas espaolas en el texto, y las listas de lectura extensivamente actualizadas de material primario y secundario. Estas listas se refieren no slo a los textos espaoles pero tambin, donde disponibles, para las ediciones en ingls. En su...Con sus temas y sintaxis directo, las escrituras en Azul reanimen a la literatura espanola. sta es una edicin revisada, actualizada de la obra clsica de Jean Franco que se llama Introduction to Spanish-American Literature. Primero publicada en 1969, esta obra se ha sido recomendada mucho puesto que ese tiempo. El alcance de esta obra se extiende a partir de las pocas coloniales hasta hoy en dia. Los captulos posteriores fueron refundidos radicalmente para tomar cuenta de la mayora de los recientes desarrollos en literatura y crticas. Las traducciones inglesas se proporcionan para las citas espaolas en el texto, y las listas de lectura extensivamente actualizadas de material primario y secundario. Estas listas se refieren no slo a los textos espaoles pero tambin, donde disponibles, para las ediciones en ingls. En su estudio importante, Jean Franco dedica su introduccin a la literatura de Amrica espaola. Esta cubierto el periodo entre la Conquista y circa 1750, y dentro de sa, da el apenas un por ciento de su paginacion al tratamiento de la literatura indgena. Desde la publicacin de este libro, sin embargo, la nocin de las obras literarias hispanoamericanas ha alterado drsticamente y la

Law of Finance and Securities Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Law of Finance and Securities - Assignment Example What should a depositor do in such kind of situation? Relevant Laws An unclaimed money refers to â€Å"all principal, interest, dividends, bonuses, profits and sums of money legally payable by an ADI (Australian Deposit-taking Institution) but in respect of which the time within which proceedings may be taken for the recovery thereof has expired, and includes moneys to the credit of an account that has not been operated on either by deposit or withdrawal for a period of not less than seven years† (s69.1 Banking Act (BA) 1959). It is classified into three: (1) money in which its recovery â€Å"has been or may be barred by operation of law† (2) deposited money (3) â€Å"share capital subscribed for a share in a body from which the capital subscribed may be withdrawn by the subscriber† (s8 Unclaimed Money Act 1995 (UMA)). These three are held by an enterprise in an account which â€Å"has not been in operated for at least† six years or shorter as may be requi red by regulations or as may be confirmed by the Chief Commissioner to a certain enterprise (s7.1 UMA 1995). An Australian Deposit-taking Institution is obliged to transmit a statement to the Treasurer of all the amount of unclaimed money (s69.3 BA 1959). The sums of unclaimed money should have a minimum amount of one hundred dollars or higher (s69.3 BA 1959). An enterprise holding an unclaimed money should make reasonable efforts to locate and identify the money owner as well as to make sure that the owner is paid (s8A.1 UMA 1995). A failure to do so would not make the money an unclaimed money (s8A.2 UMA 1995). The owner of the unclaimed money has the right to recover the money from the Commissioner of Internal Revenue (s15 UMA 1995). An application for repayment should be lodged by the owner at any period before such right is extinguished (s17-18 UMA 1995). The right shall be terminated if no action has been made to recover the money within the six year period from the date of pay ment of the unclaimed money to the Chief Commissioner (s16 UMA 1995). Application Under BA 1959, Elizabeth’s money could be an unclaimed money if she has not been active with her bank account for at least seven years. On the other hand, based on UMA 1995, Elizabeth’s money in the bank would be judged as an unclaimed money if her bank account has not been in operation for not less than six years or shorter and that the bank had exerted reasonable efforts to locate her but was proven unsuccessful. In the instant scenario, it would seem that Elizabeth had not been active with her bank account for more than seven years. The facts of the case provide that she discovered an old bank book she had as a child. If her money is indeed an unclaimed money, then, the bank has a right to pass it to the government. To note, the minimum amount of money required under section 69.3 of BA 1959 is one hundred dollars. In the instant case, Elizabeth had over one thousand dollars in her old bank account. There is no notification period provided under UMA 1995. Nonetheless, it is emphasized that reasonable efforts should be exerted by the bank to locate and identify the owner of the money before declaring the money as an unclaimed money. The reason of which is that some people actually tend to forget their bank accounts (Tyree 2008). They move to other places and do not receive notifications (Tyree 2008). If the bank holding Elizabeth’s money had performed the cited requisite but was proven un

The Assessors Main Responsibilities Essay Example for Free

The Assessors Main Responsibilities Essay Assess the learner’s knowledge, understanding, skills and competence against the criteria set by the awarding body. The assessor must at all times display a fair and professional manner. High standards must be maintained and a thorough understanding of the standards and criteria each learner is working towards is needed. To plan and undertake assessments using the appropriate assessment methods for example, observation, questioning, discussion, recognising prior learning or examining work products. It is important to apply holistic assessment whenever the opportunity arises. All methods of assessment to be used must be agreed upon and understood by the learner. A thorough initial assessment of each learner must be done to ensure any special requirements can be met. It is important to be aware of learners targets and completion dates and work closely with teachers and tutors to ensure continuous progress is achieved. The assessor must support, guide and encourage learners through the assessment process and judge the competence of their work and recognise when a learner is ready for assessment. The assessor must ensure the assessment experience is a positive one for each learner, whether it has a formative or summative outcome. During assessment all VACSR (valid authentic current specific realistic) points must be followed to ensure all judgements and decisions are fair and correct. The assessor must promote equal opportunities at all times and take into account the individual needs and requirements of the learner. Every learner should be given an equal chance to succeed. After the assessment decision has been made constructive feedback must be given and any further planning and action that may be necessary must be agreed. The assessor must keep accurate and up to date assessment records so the learner can clearly understand and keep track of their progress and achievements. It is  important for the assessor to understand the value of reflective practice and continuous professional development (CPD). The assessor must undertake and provide proof of a minimum of 10 hours, 30 hours if a full time assessor of good quality CPD per year and be fully aware of current standardisation methods and procedures. To uphold their assessor status, the assessor will also be required to attend standardisation meetings and be observed carrying out assessment twice a year by the internal quality assurer (IQA). This ensures they are maintaining standards and have a full understanding of the criteria and may occasionally be observed by the external quality assurer (EQA) thus ensuring standards and quality are maintained at all times. The IQA will support any needs they feel the assessor may have. An up to date knowledge of centre policies and procedures for example, Safeguarding, Health and Safety, Equality and Diversity and be able to deal with appeals and disputes is also required.

A Model of Driving Tests Battery Validation

A Model of Driving Tests Battery Validation MARKUS SOMMER, GERNOT SCHUHFRIEDâˆâ€", MIHAI ANIÃ…Â ¢EI, MIHAELA CHRAIFâˆâ€"âˆâ€" Abstract Designing a driving test battery is the most secure way to predict the driver behavior before  obtaining driver license. The objective is to design a psychological test battery to predict the driving  behavior of the potential drivers. The participants were 106 persons, both male and female, age  between 18 and 45 years old (M=34.4, 4; S.D. =1.32), different levels of education. The validity  criterion has been selected according the driving tasks during driving on the road. Thus, the value of  the test reveals the fact that the model has a strong predictive value for the chosen criteria. Key words: criteria, predictors, tachitoscopic test, determination test. 1. INTRODUCTION First studies in simulated task environments have shown that quite a large  part of the participants do not notice information that is not in accordance with  their expectations or when they do notice the information responses are delayed  (Martens, 2004; Martens Fox, 2003). This negative side of getting familiar with  a certain task environment might be the result of not spending enough time fixating  the objects in the task environment. But this decrease in fixation times to objects in  the task environment once people get familiar with the environment has only been  shown in computer-simulated environments. Drivers should question any driving skills test that does not include all the  test components as described in the appropriate study guide. In Table 1 can be seen  the required driving skills test components and the approximate time needed to  complete each. Thus the times are estimates based on an average length driving  route, good weather conditions, light traffic and a well-prepared driver. Furthermore  the same authors underline that skills tests must include all the segments listed in   Table 1. In this way a test may take more time than shown in this table, but should Also the guide underline the procedures of taking curves, entering into the  crossroads and others. These represents for the psychologists criteria in validation  of the driving tests baterry. Underlining the importance of visual functions in driving, such as acuity,  field, contrast, color and night vision can be measured as part of an eye  examination. Functional vision includes performance of daily living skills, reading  ability, mobility skills and driving skills. In this way the measurement of visual  functions is often used as a substitute from which to estimate functional vision.   According to the visual standards (Colenbrander, A. De Laey, J.J., 2006), the  visual acuity is measured often, visual field sometimes and contrast sensitivity  rarely. The authors underline that estimating predicted driving performance on the  basis of a few parameters, many other factors, such as training, experience and  familiarity with the driving environment can affect the prediction. In this way the  authors present in Figure 1 particularities of vision related functioning. As it can be observed in Figure 1, the authors undeline that the driving tests  included into the tests battery has to predict the driving performances in traffic. In  this way, they highlite that the driving safety does not depend so much on what is  seen, but rather on how quickly and how adequately drivers respond to what is  seen. So, is the moment when the time reaction tests has to be included into a  driving tests baterry. When human observers look at an optic flow stimulus their eye movements  show a regular alternation of gaze shifts and slow tracking movements at a  frequency of about 2 Hz (Niemann, Lappe, Buscher Hoffmann, 1999; Lappe   Hoffmann, 2000).Many perceptual experiments have shown that heading can be perceived  from optic flow (J.E. Cutting, P.M. Vishton, M. Flà ¼ckinger, B. Baumberger, and  J.D. Gerndt, 1997; Turano and X. Wang, 1994; Warren, D.R. Mestre, A.W.   Blackwell, and M.W. Morris, 1991; Stone and J.A. Perrone; 1997). They have  identified important requirements for accurate analysis as well as sources of error. A particular concern are eye movements which are induced by optic flow and  which, by distorting the structure of the flow field projected in the eye, compromise  heading detection. 2. THE OBJECTIVES, HYPOTHESYS, PARTICIPANTS The objective is focused to design a psychological test battery to predict the  driving behavior of the potential drivers in the way of decreasing the accident risk. The independent variables of the tests baterry are predictors for the driving  performances in traffic. The participants were 106 persons, both male and female, age between  18 and 45 years old (M = 34.4, 4; S.D. = 1.32), different levels of education. Also,  the participants were driving school students tested at two driving schools from  Bucharest. Organ structure Organ function Skills and abilities Societal consequenc. THE ORGAN THE PERSON Examples: Injury Degeneration Visual acuity Visual field Reading Mobility Employment Quality of Life ICIDH: Disorder Impairment Disability Handicap ICF: Body structure Body function Activities and Participation Barriers and Facilitators Vision: Visual Functions How the eye functions Functional Vision How the person functions DRIVING Acuity test Field test Contrast Driving ability test Driving in actual trafic Traffic conditions 246 Markus Sommer et al. 4 3. THE METHOD 3.1. THE INSTRUMENTS – RT – Reaction Test (Schuhfried, 2007). With the RT is it possible to  measure reaction time as both a simple choice and a multiple-choice reaction. Yellow light stimulus modalities are available in the test battery, so that different  stimulus constellations for the measurement of reaction time can be created. These  can range from individual stimuli to simultaneous or sequentially presented  stimulus combinations. The use of a rest key and a reaction key makes it possible  to distinguish between reaction and motor time. – Determination test (Schuhfried, 2007). The test is used to measure reactive  stress tolerance and the associated ability to react and requires the respondent to  use his cognitive skills to distinguish different colors and sounds, to memorize the  relevant characteristics of stimulus configurations, response buttons and assignment  rules, and to select the relevant responses according to the assignment rules laid  down in the instructions and/or learned in the course of the test. The difficulty of  the DT arises from the need to sustain continuous, rapid and varying responses to  rapidly changing stimuli. – Tachitoscopic test (Schuhfried, 2007). The ATAVT tests observational  ability by briefly presenting pictures of traffic situations. The items are constructed  using an explicit, theory-led rationale which is based on detailed analysis of the  cognitive processes involved in working the test. The design of the ATAVT is  based on the principles used in the well-established TAVTMB test but builds on  these by taking account of recent research findings relating to the perception of  scenes and objects. – Visiotest-Stereoscopy. The Visiotest-Campitest with 6 visual acuity tests  and the extension of the peripheral visual field. For the research, only the  stereoscopic visual test was used. The test consist in a table with letters (A, B, C)  which for a person with stereoscopic vision appears at different distances.The correlation matrix from Table 3 reveal the statistically significant  correlations between the criterias and the predictors. Thus, the criteria right curve,  cross road correlate statistically significant and positive with the following  predictors: tahitoscop corect (34**), DT corect (.27**), reaction time (.41**),  motor time (.32**). The same criteria correlate statistically significant and negative  (p Taking in consideration the criteria stop to the pedestrian crossing from the  same Table 3, can be observed a statistically significant and positive correlation  between this criteria and the following predictors: DT corrrect (.38**), motor time  reaction (.19*) and S.D. motor time (.17*). The same criteria correlate statistically  significant and negative with the following predictors: Viziotest-stereoscopy  (–.42**), DT omitted (–.41**) and tahito incorrect (–.18*).Analizing the correlation between the criteria total performances in driving  and the predictors can be observed a statistically significant and positive  correlation with the following predictors: tahitoscop correct (.46**), DT correct  (.53**), reaction time (.38**), motor time (.42**), S.D. reaction time (.31**) and  S.D. motor time (.27**). The same criteria correlate statistically significant and  negative with the predictors: Viziotest-stereoscopy (–.51**), DT omitte d (–.27**)  and tahito incorrect (–.32**). Applying the regression model for the criteria total performances in driving  the following regresssion model had been obtained (5). Table 4 Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R square 1 0.742 0.550 0.526 a) Predictors: (Constant), tahitoscop correct, tahitoscop incorrect, DT correct, DT incorrect, DT  omitted, TR motor time, S.D. reaction time, S.D. motor time, viziotest-stereoscopy;  b) Dependent variable: total performances in driving. Table 4 underlines an error reduction of the model with 55% and a strong  correlation between the independent variables and the criteria (0.742). Calculating the F value (23.29) the regression model have a strong predictive  value for the criteria total performances in driving (p Continued driver training in the form of guided lifelong self-improvement activities  is essential for acquiring new skills (Sommer, Herle, Hausler, 2007). These new  skills are required as driving gets more complex with technology: car audio  devices, reading maps on screens, using computers, note taking, talking on phone  or radio, GPS device. The Standard Quality Driving Curriculum needs to be kept  up-dated continuously and the latest additions are to be made available. These updates  are to focus on new developments that technology brings to vehicles and roads, all of which require the acquisition of new skills by drivers. The research finding reveal that designing psychological test batteries comes  in the help of safety traffic and minimizing the accident probability to occur only  taking in consideration the criteria validity.

Book VII of the Nichomachean Ethics by Aristotle Essay -- Aristotle Ni

Book VII of the Nichomachean Ethics by Aristotle Introduction In book seven of the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle sets out his theory of akrasia, or weakness of will. Aristotle attempts to explain both how such actions are possible (contra Socrates), and how we can dissolve the puzzles (aporiai) generated by our most important (kurios) commonly held beliefs, which arise in response to the actions of the incontinent person. This paper will review book VII of the Nichomachean Ethics (EN), and attempt to resolve some of the remaining questions left open by Aristotle’s critique. According to Aristotle, ethika is not an exact (akribes) science, for it only provides â€Å"usual† truths (hos epi to polu), or those that are true for most, but not all, cases. Ethics is a practical discipline, which depends on the prudent person to make competent decisions with respect to various particular cases; unsurprisingly, it would be difficult (if not impossible) to determine any invariant rules of application for every ethical situation. Accordingly, Aristotle consults the opinions of the common majority as an initial starting point from which to proceed in ethical study. The beliefs of the hoi polloi are revisable, however, and in the case of incontinence, we shall see that Aristotle cannot resolve all of the puzzles resulting from them. The format of this paper will proceed as follows. First, we will attempt a rough description of Aristotle’s conception of incontinence. Next, we will survey the most salient puzzles with which he is concerned. Subsequently, we will attempt to resolve any remaining questions concerning the plausibility of Aristotle’s theory. Section One Aristotle’s conception of inc... ...ned earlier, we remain convinced that the incontinent knows the entire time that what she does is the wrong thing to do. If we think she doesn’t know, or forgets momentarily, then why is she morally responsible for her wrong-doing? Likewise, Aristotle’s own explanation lacks enough specificity as to why and how the appetite makes one â€Å"unaware† of the good conclusion. Simply put, the ambiguity interpretation is the most plausible way to account for both our pre-theoretical intuitions and our everyday practical experiences. In this respect, it remains true to the spirit of the Nichomachean Ethics. Works Cited Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics, Translated by Terence Irwin. Second Edition. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. 1999. Davidson, Donald. â€Å"How is weakness of the will possible?† in Essays on Actions and Events. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1980.