Do People in Public Life Have a Right to Privacy? Essay

People, famous or not, have a right to privacy, which is a basic human right. Although some of them have voluntarily made themselves known to the world, they are still entitled to live a life without others following them all the time, eavesdropping on what they say and being under surveillance. However, in the case of politicians or other powerful people, the right to privacy comes into conflict with another right, the public’s right to know. The entitlement and the necessity to get informed are essential to guarantee democracy; this can only be achieved by the freedom of the press. Therefore the right to privacy of certain politicians sometimes has to be neglected to ensure a rightful running of our country. But do we need to get informed about everything there is? We have to distinguish between famous people. Basically there are those who were seeking a public life – or at least knew to some extent what they were going into – and those who were not. Politicians, athletes, actors, musicians, entertainers and members of royalty belong to the former. The latter are ordinary citizens who become significant, because of their extraordinary experiences, for example victims of crimes or tragedies, but also criminals. The amount of ordinary citizens who receive their celebrity status unwillingly is quite big and the privacy of those people needs to be especially respected and maintained. Names, addresses or pictures that could lead to the identification of a person should never be made public. It is not of interest for the readers, and it usually does not make a difference for them, what the name of someone is, but for the one concerned publication of identity could mean embarrassment and harassment. Suspected criminals, for instance, could lose their jobs, their families could break up or their whole lives could get destroyed, even when they are innocent. Apart from that, as soon as someone is well known, they are pursued and harassed by journalists demanding interviews. Also in cases where a family just had to experience the loss of a dear person, the press usually shows little respect for that. While we tend to despise the way the press is treating ordinary people and feel the justification for their right to privacy, we have problems applying the same to people who were seeking a public role. In those cases we tend to think we have a right to the invasion of their privacy, since they have put themselves into the public eye on purpose. We demand to know about their personal lives, but we don’t see that this interest is only greediness for amusement. The press is using this human phenomenon and is sacrificing individual privacy for the entertainment of a general public to increase the circulation of a paper. We are satisfying our voyeurism and we even claim that we have a right to it, but by that we submit ourselves to the tabloid values of a mainstream media and put that under the cover of public interest. What is public interest? Journalists usually widen this term to use it as an excuse for all forms of reporting, in order to cover up every detail of one’s life. But public interest is not necessarily what the public is interested in, which is usually sex and crime; it is not what increases the circulation of a paper; it is not gossip. Public interest is the necessity to have access to essential information that allows us to keep a critical eye on our society. A person’s personal lives or gossip about it is not news and not of public interest. But unfortunately, reports about politicians’ sex lives are more popular than reports about someone’s policies and public actions. The position of politicians in the eye of the public is especially difficult to judge. On the one hand politicians use their happy family and home in campaigns, on the other hand we know personal particulars and behaviour have nothing to do with competence in running a country and private details, even if completely irrelevant, can still ruin careers. Sometimes only due to the intrusion of privacy, corruption or similar crimes can be made public, but at the same time not everything in one’s life is connected to one’s office. When personal morality and family values are deliberately used by politicians  as a reason for them to be elected, they have chosen to make it a public issue rather than a private one. This is a sad fact, but it does not justify intrusion of the personal lives of all politicians. A politician still is, like everyone else, entitled to privacy. Unfortunately, the press and the public seem to have grown bored covering politicians who aren’t celebrities and so personal gossip wins over public issues. Since their private lives are so closely observed, politicians are concentrating a lot on their image and consequently they have less time to spend on their actual job. This close scrutiny is not only humiliating, it also makes poor political performances more likely. If the public lost its big interest in private lives, political coverage and also politicians themselves would have to focus more on policies and actions. Everyone would have to stop making privacy an issue, which has no place in politics. However, competence seems to count less and less nowadays and politicians are rather supposed to have a good character. People are inclined to think that one who betrays his wife also betrays his country, which generally not the case. But character is not determinable by personal behaviour and moreover there is no connection between private morality and someone’s ability to do a job well. Would we rather have a morally integer, but less competent person in power? A lot of good leaders of the past would probable fail today, for example Kennedy, who committed adultery, or Kreisky, who had a speech impediment. Many talented people do not manage to reach a high position today, because they have no blameless personal lives and many are kept from seeking a public office, because they fear the intrusion of privacy. Politicians have to be observed in some respects. The press, being independent from any authorities, plays an important role in informing the public; it is the instrument that can expose corruption, wasting of taxes, hidden agendas or other crimes by examining actions and words of politicians. Naturally, there is no clear dividing line between public and private matter. Generally you can say, everything that has to do with the particular person’s profession has a public interest justification and can  thus be reported about. Intrusion of privacy should only be allowed in cases where privacy is strongly connected to the public office. Any other information revealed, which is irrelevant to the politician’s skills and competence, is not irrelevant to the image one has of that person. It just prejudices people against them and this can clearly not be in the public interest. Watergate, for instance, was one example of a journalist revealing illegal political actions, but h ere only information connected with the person’s profession was made public. Clinton’s sex-affair, however, was an example of going too far into privacy. People claimed the whole scandal was not about sex, but about committing perjury, which is not quite true. A perjury of Clinton about a land deal would have probable not interested as many, but this one was about sex, so the interest was enormous. Clinton was asked something he should have never been asked. Private questions – such as: â€Å"Have you ever committed adultery?† – ought definitely not be put to someone. Because if one refuses an answer to a query like that, it is a signal that there is something to hide. Since you hardly find someone who has never done anything wrong or illegal, it is especially unlikely to find a politician like that. Everyone knows they can’t admit little sins of their youth or sex affairs, because they know it would ruin their careers. So politicians have two possibilities when they are asked questions about their private lives: not answeri ng, the same as admitting, or lying. For celebrities, other than politicians, it is even more difficult to argue for their right to privacy, since so many of them use their status of being popular and seem to enjoy sharing private details and creating sensational news to stay well known or to make money. Publicity should be expected by them and loss of privacy is said to be the prize for fame. But does every skier, musician or actor really just want to be in the public eye? Is not also imaginable that a tennis player just loves to play tennis and detests being on television? We can reduce those people to the fact that they are famous, but it would show little acknowledgement for their talents or abilities. After all, the celebrity status is in many cases just by-product of someone’s success in a particular field. Fame does not rob anyone the  right to privacy and journalists go way too far for interviews or pictures of celebrities. Sometimes this has great consequence as in the case of Princess Diana, who died in a car accident after being chased by reporters. We are all obsessed with privacy, protecting our own on the one hand, and invading other people’s privacy on the other hand. If people similar to us, ordinary people, get their privacy invaded, we are outraged. But someone different to us, someone famous, somehow has the duty to uncover everything there is. Since they have voluntarily thrown themselves into the public light, they now belong to the public. Political scandals have shown the need for close observation of public figures, especially if they have power, but in most cases we hypocritically claim to have a right to know about something that is actually none of our business. Privacy is classed as a right under the European Convention of Human Rights and it applies to everyone.

Amazing Grace poem

The poem I chose was â€Å"Amazing Grace† by John Newton. John Newton was born in London, July 24, 1725 and died December 21, 1807. He was an Anglican priest and hymn writer, advocating the Christianity view of redemptive forgiveness. He wrote â€Å"Amazing Grace† as an element of that prospect (Clugston, 2010). â€Å"Amazing Grace† is one of the most famous poems ever written and composed. This poem is also a hymn that speaks too many who is looking for salvation, forgiveness, grace and faith. This form of poetry is narrative poetry because it tells us a story in a song about salvation. Amazing Grace† also uses figurative speech to express imaginative and distinctive effect. I grew up in a Baptist church where I still attend today. We would sing â€Å"Amazing Grace† every Sunday as one of our devotional hymns. Devotion is what we have before our church service starts. About three deacons would stand in front of the church and pray, read scriptures, and sing hymn with the congregation. Every Sunday it never failed â€Å"Amazing Grace† was a hymn that was going to be song. This hymn is one of the most popular hymns of all time.The literary element that I thought contributed to this poem was tone, content, and form. Using these literary elements is what makes this poem a significant piece of poetry in history. â€Å"A hymn is a lyric poem or scared song, which is written in praise to a deity or spirit† (Wheeler, 2012). The poem â€Å"Amazing Grace† is different from any poem that has been ever written. This poem is unique because it is written in the form of a song. When you see â€Å"Amazing Grace† no one ever stops to read it as a poem, that poem is automatically song without any hesitation.This type of literary element is to be specifically heard, not to be read. â€Å"Amazing Grace! How sweet the sound. That saved a wretch like me! I once was lost but now I’m found. Was blind, but now I see † (Clugston, 2010). By listening to the words of that song pretty much tells us what kind of person John Newton was, and how he changed his life. Throughout this poem Newton is talking about different events, or thing that has happened to him during his lifetime.These elements affected my response to this poem because I never knew that this hymn originated from a poem. I always thought that this was a song and I knew we would sing it church on Sundays. Some people use this song at funerals and many different church functions such as a theme or some sort. Now by actually looking at the poem and getting a chance to read it in poem form I have a different point of view on this particular poem. I always though Amazing Grace was a hymn. I had no idea that it originated from a poem.This song is universal and is known throughout the world by its lyrics. This poem comes to life after you have read or sung it. It really makes you think with all the different elements that he uses in th e poem. He used words to describe himself such as wretch. He used words to let you know the difference between right and wrong. He used these words to captivate his audience and to let them know where his faith stood. Amazing Grace demonstrates purity as it relates to the excellence and awe of divine love.

Employment Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 2

Employment Relations - Essay Example This method of expression has been in existence for a long period of time and in some cases it does work in favor of the employees. However, it requires them to be united and on the same page as to what their reasons for striking are and the intended objectives of the strike. Each person who is a part of the strike should be well aware of the events surrounding the occurrence of the strike. On the other hand, the decline in strikes is taken by some to mean that labor conflict is not a very important aspect of contemporary employment relations. Most strikes involve a disappointment in the conduct of the employer regardless of whether this behavior is legal or not. They also involve a want for the increase in salaries. In the 1960s, when strikes were high, the factor of capitalist employment which was also high at that time could have greatly contributed to the high rates of strikes at the time. This was according to Hyman in Strikes. He then went on to describe four sources of conflict. At this point, most employers tried to reduce the workforce and increase the work process I order to keep their employees under control. This however did not stop a liberal market from developing. As a result, there were liberal ideologies that came up and led to employees adopting them. The start of globalization and legal reforms led to strikes being rather costly (Steve, 2004). For this reason, there was a decline in the rates of strikes being held and the difference in views among the employees. An empirical research done by Piazza reve aled that globalization contributed to the decline in labor union activity in a study done comparing their activities between 1952 and 2001 (Piazza 2005 290). They wanted to keep their jobs and maintained order in the workplace while the adjustments and changes continued to occur. As a result, the strikes seemed less effective in achieving their goals since they

Surrealism Movements Reflectd on Scarlett Street Essay

Surrealism Movements Reflectd on Scarlett Street - Essay Example The essay "Surrealism Movements Reflectd on Scarlett Street" concerns the surrealism movement and the Scarlett Street film. According to the surrealist manifesto, surrealism could be defined as the following: â€Å". Psychic ultimate is an, by which one proposes to express, either verbally, in writing, or by any other manner, the real functioning of thought. Dictation of thought in the absence of all control exercised by reason, outside of all aesthetic and moral preoccupation†. It is the latter part of this particular definition that will be leveraged with regards to seeking to explain the levels of surrealism that are evidenced within the film. In effect, it is this â€Å"dictation of thought in the absence of all control exercised by reason, outside of all asked that he and moral preoccupation† that best defines the Surrealism represented in â€Å"Scarlet Street†. One could effectively argue the fact that if surrealism is constrained by anything, it is constra ined by impulse. The derivation and impacts that this level of impulse provides within the film is evidenced within nearly each and every plot device. The impulse that first guy and encourages Christopher Cross to engage the â€Å"assailant† of Kitty is precisely this; nothing more than an impulse. In very much the same way the otherwise â€Å"immoral† relationship that develops between Kitty and Chris as the film progresses can very much be understood within the context of surrealism; especially as it took place within an era that was defined by norms of behavior.

Add SWOT , introduction , conclusion and executive summery Essay

Add SWOT , introduction , conclusion and executive summery - Essay Example With the current levels of globalization, the level of competition in the service industry has seen a tremendous increase. This has resulted from the ability of multinational industry to venture in different markets in the world. In addition, liberalization of the markers has also enabled these companies to diversify their operation. Also, flow of information and removal of tariffs by different countries can also be associated with increased levels of competition. This trend has necessitated the formation of a strong marketing department in every service industry which will be able to research on the changing consumption behaviors of customers and come up with better services in order to create customer loyalty. Service industries or the providers need to increase the competitive differentiation, productivity and the service quality. It is necessary to maintain a link between the desired service and the profit. Organization delivering services needs to make a profit for the growth of the organization in the future and to maintain a stable market share (Kumar, 2010). In the service industry, the perception of quality is much more important and dependent on the expectation of the customer rather than in the marketing strategies of goods. Lower expectation can however, make for the greatest satisfaction, and with it word of mouth is an important and vital in the journey towards the purchase of service. It is important to determine the target market and set an objective which would help the firm to determine the area which is of interest to the marketer (Greechie, 2008). The marketing objectives for a brand in the hospitality industry often includes customer satisfaction and gaining the trust of the customer which would increase the customer loyalty towards the brand and make the customers come back to the same brand again and again. The service sector chosen is the hotel industry, hospitality

Critical Journalism Studies Textual Analysis Assignment

Critical Journalism Studies Textual Analysis - Assignment Example Various journalism films often investigate specific features of the profession such as the ethical conduct of journalists, modern trends of the media and the history of the media. In doing this, either the films often portray journalists as heroes or villain depending on the angle of criticism a film adopts as portrayed in the discussion below. Media is one of the most powerful arms of the society. Also referred to as the fourth estate, the media informs, influences opinion and protects the vulnerable in the society. Such vital functions require the journalist to undertake their functions with fidelity both to the profession and to the society. Journalists have often behaved in ways that justify their portrayal either as heroes or as ant-heroes in the various journalism films. The role of the radio in the Rwandan genocide for example are some of the occurrences that validates the portrayal of journalists as anti-heroes thereby validating the themes some of the journalism films. The case of Rwanda is an example of the situations in which journalists act unethically and without objectivity. Additionally, journalists engage in various under dealings in their attempt to scoop new stories. Among the common types of unethical conduct, include bribing news sources and offering sexual favors especially by female journalists. In ot her cases, journalists are proactive and inquisitive individual who unearth numerous scandals in the society thus protecting the interest of the weak and vulnerable in the society. Journalism films often capture both sides depending on the plot of a story in a film (McNair, 2010). Films are cultural products that just as any other type of art always represent the prevailing social features. Developers of films observe the prevailing cultural and social features, which they represent artistically in films. On doing this, the developers enjoy the freedom and ability to criticize the society using fictional characters.

The inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded of a Essay

The inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded of a commodity - Essay Example This implies that as the price of a commodity increases, the quantity demanded for that product would reduce, similarly as the price decreases, the quantity demanded for that commodity would increase. Behravesh (2008) describes the inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded is a constant law in economics. There seem to be no real exception to the inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded as long as it is a commodity that consumers crave to get, this law would always hold its ground. The quantity demanded for a particular commodity depends on the price. The quantity demanded would begin to decrease when the suppliers or manufacturers decide to increase the price of the commodity. Consumers would begin to look for substitutes to these commodities that have a lower price and these means that the quantity demanded for a commodity that its price has just been decreased would begin to reduce drastically. The reason for the inverse relationship that exists betwe en price and quantity demanded is not far-fetched. There is always a price that consumers are willing to pay for a particular commodity and when there is a change in this price, they begin to change their mind. Some consumers may even look for other alternatives and this would affect the general quantity demanded for that commodity. ... ists between the price of a commodity and the quantity demanded is seen below: Quantity Demanded Price 600 100 300 200 150 400 75 800 40 1500 The effect that the increase in the price of a particular commodity would have on the quantity commodity is clearly shown above as an increase in the price would drive the quantity demanded downwards. However, there are exceptions to this law of demand as there are some commodities that the price of a commodity does not affect the quantity demanded for the same commodity. Drugs seem to be an essential commodity for sick people that the price of this commodity does not really affect the quantity demanded for that commodity. Consider a drug that has proven to be the most potent solution to a particular ailment and the price suddenly goes up. A patient that loves his or her life would pay anything to get that drug. Thus, an increase in the case of potent drugs would not in any way affect the quantity demanded for that drug. Hence, there are some e xceptions to the inverse relationship between price and the quantity demanded for a commodity as there are some commodities that some consumers can pay through the nose to get (Jones 2008, pp. 23-26). Another thing to consider is the income of consumers. The quantity demanded for a particular commodity may reduce and the price of that commodity may still remain constant. In this case, would we say that there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded? The answer is no. the quantity demanded reduced due to the reduction in the income of the consumer as consumers would only buy what they can afford as they cannot in any way spend beyond their financial limits (O'Sullivan, Sheffrin, & Perez, 2010). Hence, this represents a somewhat exception in the law of demand’s inverse

Practice papers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Practice papers - Assignment Example When a project rolls-up unattributed cost, claims may be made according to the standard form contracts. Factors that lead to such claims are prolonged costs, charges, loss, disruption, and wasted time. Clients should avoid at all costs any interruptions that may be caused or ensure they put all the risks and eventualities that may arise in black and white under a binding agreement. Resource provision (the main), developers education, clarifications, timely decisions, support developers analysis, setting requirements, reviewing and evaluations, communication of changes anticipated. By accomplishing all the above, smooth running from facilitation is ensured. By so doing, safety at work is guaranteed. By observing code of conduct, environment of service and right equipment for service, employees have good working conditions health will be safeguarded and general safety available. They always make sure that workers adhere to safety rules and regulation. They inspect site for hazards, unsanitary, danger, machine failures, building accidents, dangerous chemical exposure. Recording violations is part of their daily routine. They can recommend project suspension when danger is present until it is save. Safety documents always need be present at site and they are mandated with training workers on safety requirements conduct at place of work. It has little bureaucracy, which speeds acquisition and completion of contracts. The qualification process is much simpler for example no need for lengthy and unwarranted proposals. There are limited regulations in private funding. Because the owners are on a venture, they put in their best to achieve results hence very competent contractors. Marketing orientation is a model, which seeks first to determine customer’s requirements, needs and tastes, then proceed to develop the product for them. On the other hand, sales orientation seeks to sell company products without initial market survey for

Designation of Kahane Chai Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Designation of Kahane Chai - Research Paper Example As the result of the growing conflict in the Middle East, in the year 1947 following the War, the United Nations proposed a partition plan for British ruled Palestine. According to this plan, Palestine would have an Independent Jewish State and an Independent Arab State within recommended boundaries and a call for an economic union. The city of Jerusalem was however given a special shared status, proposed by the United Nations to accommodate the religious interests of both Arabs and Jews in the city. The treaty was signed in November 29th, 1947 and called for the withdrawal of the United Kingdom before 1st April 1948 from Palestine. This treaty was however met with mixed reactions by the respective Jewish and Arab nationalists. The Jewish community in Palestine accepted this proposal by the United Nations while the Arab committee and the Arab League rejected this proposal. This resulted in a civil war within the transitional period established by the United Nations and the partition plan was never carried out. Israel, however, proceeded to declare itself an independent state away from the British mandate of Palestine as awarded by Syria after World War I. This move by Israel led to aggression by neighboring Arab States. In this article, we will examine the rise of some Israeli radical thinkers and political activists groups such as Kach and Kahane Chai in the midst of this ongoing conflict in the Middle East.

Quiz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Quiz - Essay Example Since its creation, the WTOs focus has shifted from public interest goals to ones dealing primarily with the liberalization of trade, helping trade flow as freely as possible. The philosophy of the most favored nation (MFN) is an outcome of the WTO agreements, what it implies is that if a country was to give preferential treatment to any one country with regard to any trade related issues, it was to treat all members equally regarding the same issue. Originally the MFN clause was included in bilateral trade agreements; however, several steps which limited the functioning of the MFN principle were taken in the1930s which led to the division of the world economy into a number of separate trade blocks. After going through this ordeal the WTO introduced MFN in the form of a multilateral reciprocal relationship. Ans: A customs union (CU) is a kind of trade bloc or a form of trade agreement under which the members preferentially grant limited or a tariff free market which allows access to each other’s import while upholding a common set of external tariffs to the imports from the non-member nations. Jagdish Bhagwati, who is known for his espousal of free global trade, would not be in favor of forming such a union as in such a situation, whether a country is part of the union or not, it is worse off than before. He is known to have criticized the foundations on which customs unions function for instance proximity of the trading nations & the volume of trade criterion. We should note however that formation of a custom union is the transition period between two states of trading equilibrium. Given any initial trading equilibrium, there exists a series of steps, and at each of these steps either new customs unions are created or the older unions are enlarged this happens due to the innate nature of the negative impact the unions create that in order to ensure that no member is harmed there is need to expand continuously ,ultimately leading to

Vermeer’s Painting Technique inWoman Holding a Balance Essay Example for Free

Vermeer’s Painting Technique inWoman Holding a Balance Essay Johanna’s Vermeer’s paintings, although masterpiece creations of great precision and detail, were hardly recognized until after his death. After his death, many observations and analysis were conducted. Much of his painting styles became noticeable by investigating his unfinished works. His lifelike paintings used very special techniques invented exclusively by him. The camera obscurer technique is his claim to fame. Constant reinventions of his painting techniques come around today in several different forms and style. The camera obscurer technique is widely used for theatre, film and stage designing. One of his most famous astounding paintings are A Woman Holding a Balance. The painting, A Woman Holding a Balance, is a portrait emphasizing riches, material wealth, luxury, femininity daintiness and delicacy. Upon looking at the picture, delicate feminine items symbolizing material luxury jumps out and touches the viewer. A woman wears a designer dark blue jacket with white fur trimmings. Such elegant jackets were worn by upper class wealthy women while doing their domestic duties. The exquisite jacket is lined with fur throughout the inside of the jacket, indicating this is an intricate designer original. At this time, the only heating resources available were a fireplace usually in the living room. The three boxes laying on the luxurious wooden table, containing intricate detailed luxurious designs are another outstanding symbology of wealth and riches. Red velveteen lines the largest box. Several glowing, shinning pearl necklaces lay over the top of delicately carved jewelry box. To the far left, in front of the painting is a blue velveteen blanket or cloth. The images sold and viewed today in art museums are restored. In the original paintings, the blanket resembled a greenish tone. The greenish tone was a side effect of the heavy yellowish varnish Vermeer used to shade or set his entire paintings. Blue colorings are known to discolor varnish in paintings. On the wall, directly across from the woman, is an elegant ebony mirror. The mirror may indicate pride and vanity. Many arguments and research looked into finding out what was the woman holding in the balance. Earlier sources concluded the balance was holding gold coins. However, microscopic research showed there was nothing in the balance. The message the balance contains may be interpreted infinitely. Perhaps the woman was involved in a peaceful solitary prayer or meditation ritual. The balance could stand for mental or emotional peacefulness, much like crystals used in prayer ceremonies. One of the most beautiful highlights of this painting is natural sunlight furnishing the light in the room. The photograph bears incredibly noticeable brightness. The sunlight brings a hint of notoriety to the golden curtains. The painting contains a picture inside a picture. In the background, on the wall is a mysterious picture containing many subliminal shapes and designs. It may be considered abstract art work. In the upper center appears to be a man, perhaps an angel in human form, descending down from the heavens surrounded in glowing light. To either side appears to be what may be interpreted as animals, but not definitely so. At the bottom of the photo are designs appearing to be lots of people. The photograph was apparently another famous painting named The Last Judgment. The woman may also be very pregnant, in her eight or ninth month.

The Importance of Reading Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Reading Essay Reading is a necessity for some people and a hobby for others, but either way it is something that we start to take for granted as adults, forgetting that there was once a time when we couldnt read. The sad fact is that for many adults, this is still the case. They lose out on the joys and the benefits of being able to read, and quite often it stems from lack of commitment and time from the parents during childhood. In the Gulf countries alone there are approximetly 7. 5 million people who are illiterate (those aged 15 years or above who can not read or write). There are a great many reasons why reading with your child is so important. Of course, it is the sort of activity that will help you to bond with the child as well as help to form your childs imagination. But there are so many additional important factors ? ones that could help to shape the life of your child. Reading is the fundamental foundation required by children on which to base all learning. Without the ability to read effectively, every other subject taught at school is going to be difficult or impossible to grasp. Learning to read is no easy task for some children, and the most crucial years in terms of literacy development are from birth to the age of around eight. Taking the time to read with your pre-school child will help to really lay the foundations for success. Your child will start to recognise words, ask questions, and develop an interest as well as an eye for reading. Your child will start to make relevant connections between the words and their meanings. With your help, your child can enjoy the learning process, benefit from a firm foundation in literacy, and will be fully equipped to succeed when he or she starts school. Of course, you will need to change the methods you use to help with your childs reading as he or she grows older. As an infant, bright colours and noises are going to be attractive to your child. There are many interactive books available for infants to day, such as farm animal books with noises. Your infant will love helping you to press the button and then watching as you point out which animal the noise relates to. And pretty soon, your child will be doing it alone. Already, your child will have started associating sounds, words and pictures. As a toddler, your child will enjoy bedtime stories, and you can choose from a wide range of magical and colourful story books which will keep your toddler enthralled. You will find that you child develops an interest in pointing out pictures as you read, as well as wanting to try and read alone. If the story is one that you read regularly, you will be surprised at how the child will almost memorise that comes next, and may sometime jump in before you have a chance to finish the sentence. A couple of years on, and your child will be eager to start reading alone. You can encourage this by reading the first part of sentences in a book from which you have regularly read bedtime stories. You can then pass the book to your child to try and finish the sentence. A great deal of this may be done from memory, but the child will also be looking at the words, thus learning to associate the words with the story. Fun activities like picture games or stories with colouring in sections can also help to develop your childs interest at this age. Learning to read does not stem from learning the alphabet, which is a common misconception. A good reading foundation comes from interaction with a parent, who is able to make the art of reading and telling stories fun and magical for a child.

Concurrent Processes In Operating Systems

Concurrent Processes In Operating Systems The programming technique, to use interrupts to simulate the concurrent execution of several programs on Atlas computers was known as multiprogramming. It was pioneered by Tom Kilburn and David Howarth. Multiprogramming in early days was done using assembly level language. Slightest mistake in programs could make program unpredictable hence testing them was difficult also the assembly level language had no conceptual foundation. Operating systems designed using this multiprogramming techniques grew very huge and unpredictable their designers spoke about software crisis. This created an urgent research and development need for concurrent programming techniques. Computer scientists took the first step towards understanding the issues related to concurrent programming during mid 1960s, they discovered fundamental concepts, expressed them by programming notation, included them in programming languages and used these languages to write the model operating systems. These same concepts were then applied to any form of parallel computing. Introduction of Concurrent processes in operating systems Processes played a key role in shaping early operating systems. They were generally run in a strictly sequential order. Multiprogramming existed but the processes did not exactly run concurrently instead a time based mechanism was used in which a limited amount of time was given to each process. Even in those days the processors speed was fast enough to give and illusion that the multiple processes were running concurrently. They were called as timesharing or multiprogramming operating systems (November 1961, called CTSS Compatible Time-Sharing System also Multics the predecessors of UNIX developed by MIT) These type operating systems were very popular and were seen as a breakthrough during those times. The major drawback was complexity of the system design which made it difficult to make it more versatile and flexible so that a single all purpose OS could be built. Also the resource sharing done by these processes was primitive or inefficient and it only showed there was a lot of room for research and development. Work on these operating systems made way for concurrent processes. Most of the original concepts related to concurrency were developed during this period. These innovative ideas and concepts went on become the basic principles on which todays operating systems and concurrent applications are designed. (A major project undertaken by IBM in this direction was in 1964 the OS/360 for their new mainframes system 360) To build reliable concurrent processes understanding and developing basic concepts for concurrency was important let us talk about concurrency and some of its basic programming concepts. Concurrency In computer science, concurrency is a property of systems in which several computations are executing simultaneously, and potentially interacting with each other. [Wikipedia] Let us consider a real life example a housing project such as the building of a house will require some work to go on in parallel with other works. In principle, a project like building a house does not require any concurrent activity, but a desirable feature of such a project is that the whole task can be completed in shorter time by allowing various sub tasks to be carried out concurrently. There is no reason any painter cannot paint the house from outside (weather permitting!), while the plasterer is busy in the upstairs rooms and the joiner is fitting the kitchen units downstairs. There are however some constraints on concurrency which is possible. The brick layer will normally have to wait until the foundation of the house had been layered before he could begin the task of building the walls. The various tasks involved in such a project can usually be regarded as independent of one another, but the scheduling of the tasks is constrained by notions of a task A must be completed b efore task B can begin A second example is that of a railway network. A number of trains making journeys within a railway network, and by contrast with the previous example, when they start and they end is generally independent of most of the other journeys. Where the journeys interact though is at places where routes cross or use common sections of track for parts of journeys. We can in this example regard the movement of trains as programs in execution, and the sections of track as the resources which these programs may or may not have to share with other programs. Hence the two trains run concurrently in case their routes interact sharing the same resources without interrupting each other similar to concurrent processes in operating systems. So as discussed earlier we understand that processes are important to implement concurrency so let us discuss the process as a concept which will introduce us to the most important concept for concurrency i.e. threads! Fundamental concepts Process A process is a running program; OS keeps track of running programs in form of processes and their data. A process is made of multiple threads. Threads The need to write concurrent applications introduced threads. In other words, threads are processes that share a single address space. Each thread has its own program counter and stack. Threads are often called lightweight processes as N threads have 1 page table, 1 address space and 1 PID while N processes have N page tables, N address spaces and N PIDs. Therefore, a sequence of executing instructions is called a thread that runs independently of other threads and yet can share data with other threads directly. A thread is contained inside a process. There can exist multiple threads within a process that share resources like memory, while different processes do not share these resources. A simple thread example There are two classes defined in this example namely SimpleThread which is a subclass of the Thread class and TwoThreads class. class SimpleThread extends Thread { public SimpleThread(String str) { super(str); } public void run() { for (int i = 0; i { System.out.println(i + + getName()); Try { sleep((int)(Math.random() * 1000)); } catch (InterruptedException e) {} } System.out.println(DONE! + getName()); } } The method SimpleThread() is a constructor which sets the Threads name used later in the program. The action takes place in the run() method which contains a for loop that iterates ten times that displays the iteration number and the name of the Thread, then sleeps for a random interval of up to a second. The TwoThreads class provides a main() method that creates two SimpleThread threads named London and NewYork. class TwoThreads { public static void main (String[] args) { new SimpleThread(London).start(); new SimpleThread(NewYork).start(); } } The main() method also starts each thread immediately following its construction by calling the start() method. Following concepts are mostly used at the thread level and also the issues discussed are encountered while implementing concurrency. Race condition A race condition occurs when multiple processes access and manipulate the same data concurrently, and the outcome of the execution depends on the particular order in which the access takes place.[http://www.topbits.com/race-condition.html] It is not so easy to detect race condition during program execution if it is observed that the value of shared variables is unpredictable, it may be caused because of race condition. In concurrent programming there are more than one legal possible thread executions hence order of thread execution cannot be predicted. Race condition may produce uncertain results. Outcome of race condition may occur after a long time. In order to prevent unpredictable results because of race condition, following methods are used- Mutual exclusion Mutual exclusion (often abbreviated to mutex) algorithms are used in concurrent programming to avoid the simultaneous use of a common resource, such as a global variable, by pieces of computer code called critical sections. (Wikipedia) -Critical Region (CR) A part of code that is always executed under mutual exclusion is called a critical region. Due to this, the compiler instead of the programmer is supposed to check that the resource is neither being used nor referred to outside its critical regions. While programming, critical section resides when semaphores are used. CRs are needed only if the data is writeable. It consists of two parts: Variables: These must be accessed under mutual exclusion. New language statement: It identifies a critical section that has access to variables. There are two processes namely A and B that contain critical regions i.e. the code where shared data is readable and writable. -Semaphores Semaphores are mechanisms which protect critical sections and can be used to implement condition synchronization. Semaphore encapsulates the shared variable and using semaphore, only allowed set of operations can be carried out. It can suspend or wake processes. The two operations performed using semaphores are wait and signal, also known as P and V respectively. When a process performs P operation it notifies semaphore that it wants to use the shared resource, if the semaphore is free the process gains access to the shared variable and semaphore is decremented by one else the process is delayed. If V operation is performed, then the process notifies the semaphore that it has finished using shared variable and semaphore value is incremented by one. By using semaphores, we attempt to avoid other multi-programming problem of Starvation. There are two kinds of Semaphores: Binary semaphores: Control access to a single resource, taking the value of 0 (resource is in use) or 1 (resource is available). Counting semaphores: Control access to multiple resources, thus assuming a range of nonnegative values. -Locks The most common way to implement mutex is using locks. A lock can be either locked or unlocked. The concept is analogues to locks we use in our doors; a person enters the room, locks the door and starts working and leaves the room after finishing the job, if another person wants to enter the room when one person is already inside, he has to wait until the door gets unlocked. Subtasks in a parallel program are often called threads. Smaller, lightweight versions of threads are known as fibres, which are used by some parallel computer architecture and bigger versions are called as processes. Many times threads need to change the value of shared variable, instruction interleaving between programs could be in any order For example, consider the following program: Thread A Thread B 1A -Read variable X 1B Read variable X 2A Increment value of X by 1 2B Increment value of X by 1 3A Write back to variable X 3B Write back to variable X As we can see in the example both the threads are carrying out same steps which are to read the shared variable, increment its value and write back its value to the same variable. It is clear how vital it is to execute these instructions in correct order, for instance if instruction 1A is executed between 1B and 3B it will generate an incorrect output. If locks are used by one thread, another thread cannot read, write the shared variable. Following example explains usage of locks: Thread A Thread B 1A Lock variable X 1B Lock variable X 2A Read variable X 2B Read variable X 3A Increment value of X by 1 3B Increment value of X by 1 4A Write back to variable X 4B Write back to variable X 5A Unlock variable X 5B Unlock variable X Whichever thread locks the variable first, uses that variable exclusively, any other thread will not be able to gain access to shared variable until it is unlocked again. Locks are useful for correct execution but on the other hand they slow down the program. -Monitors A monitor is a mutual exclusion enforcing synchronization construct. Monitors provide more structure than conditional critical regions and can be implemented as efficiently as semaphores. Monitors are supported by a programming language rather than by the operating system. They were introduced in Concurrent Pascal and are used as the synchronization mechanism in the Java language. A monitor consists of code and data. All of the data and some of the code can be private to the monitor, accessible only to the code that is part of the monitor. Monitor has a single lock that must be acquired by the task to execute monitor code i.e. mutual exclusion is provided by making sure that execution of procedures in the same monitor are not overlapped. Active task is the term used for the task which owns the monitor lock. There cannot be more than one active task in the monitor. The monitors lock can be acquired by a task through one of several monitor queues. It gives up the lock either by blocking a condition variable or by returning from a monitor method. A condition variable is a queue or event queue that is part of the monitor. Two monitor methods called as wait and notify can only be accessed by a condition variable queue. The behaviour of a monitor is known by the relative priorities and scheduling of various types of queues. The monitor locks are acquired by the processes in the monitor queues. The queues may be combined in some implementations. The tasks compete for the lock when the monitor lock becomes free. Condition Variable: In order to make sure that processes do not enter a busy waiting state, they should notify some events to each other; this facility is provided by Monitors with the help of condition variables. If a monitor function wants to proceed by making a condition true then it has to wait for the corresponding condition variable. When a process waits, it gives up the lock and is taken out from set of runnable processes. When a process makes condition true then it notifies a waiting process using condition variable. The methods mentioned above are used to prevent race condition but they might result into serious problems like deadlock and starvation let us have a look at these problems one at a time as we go further. Deadlock Deadlock refers to a specific condition where two or more processes are each waiting for each other to release a resource, or more than two processes are waiting for resources in a circular chain. Conditions for deadlock to occur 1] Mutual exclusion: Mutual exclusion means only one process can use a resource at a time. 2] Hold and wait: A process may hold a allocated resource while awaiting assignment of other resource. 3] No pre-emption: A resource can be released voluntarily by the process holding it. One process cannot use resource forcefully held by another process. A process that receives such resources cannot be interrupted until it is finished using the resource. 4] Circular wait: A closed chain of processes exists, such that each process holds a resource required by another process in the chain. Deadlock occurs only when circular wait condition is not resolvable and circular wait is not resolvable if first three conditions hold hence all four conditions taken together constitute necessary and sufficient condition for deadlock. In the diagram above we can see that process P1 holds resource R1 and requests for resource R2 held by process P2 , and process P2 is requesting for resource R1. Methods to handle Deadlock 1. Deadlock prevention Deadlock prevention is to ensure that one of the four necessary conditions for deadlock can never hold in following ways: I1. Mutual exclusion: allocate one resource to only one process at a time. 2. Hold and wait: It requires a process to request and be allocated its resources before it begins its execution, or allow process to request a resource only when process has none. This may lead to low resource utilization. It also may give rise to starvation problem, a process may be held for a long time waiting for all its required resources. The application need to be aware of all the resources it requires, if it needs additional resources it releases all the resources held and then requests for all those it needs. 3. No pre-emption: If a process is holding some resources and requests for another resource held by some other process that cannot be allocated to it, then it releases all the resources currently held. The state of pre-empted resource has to be saved and later restored. 4. Circular wait: To make this condition fail, we can impose a total ordering on all resources types. It is also required that each process requests resources in strict increasing order. Resources from the same resource type have to be requested together. 2. Deadlock avoidance In deadlock avoidance, the system checks if granting a request is safe or not . The system needs additional prior information regarding overall potential use of each resource for each process i.e. maximum requirement of each resource has to be stated in advance by each process. 3. Deadlock detection: It is important to know if there exists a deadlock situation in the system hence an algorithm is needed to periodically check existence deadlock. Recovery from deadlock To recover from deadlock, the process can be terminated or we can pre-empt the resource. In terminating processes method we can terminate all the processes at once or terminate one process and then again check for deadlock. Similarly there are mechanisms like fair scheduling that can be used to avoid starvation of resources. -Fair scheduling Fair scheduling is to allow multiple processes to fairly share the resources. The main idea is to ensure each thread gets equal CPU time and to minimize resource starvation. -First in first out (FIFO) FIFO or First Come, First Served (FCFS) is the simplest scheduling algorithm that queues processes in the order they arrive in the ready queue. Scheduling overhead is minimal because context switches occur only when process terminates and re-organization of the process queue is not required. In this scheme, completion of every process is possible, hence no starvation. -Shortest remaining time With this scheduling scheme, processes with least processing time are arranged as the next process in the queue. To achieve this, prior knowledge of completion time is required. Consider a scenario where a shorter process arrives when another process is running, in this case the current process is stopped and is divided into two parts. This results in additional context switching overhead. -Fixed priority pre-emptive scheduling The operating system gives a fixed priority rank to every process, and the processes are arranged in the ready queue based on their priority this results in higher priority processes interrupting lower priority processes. Waiting and response times are inversely proportional to priority of the process. If there are more high priority processes than low priority processes, it may result into starvation of the latter processes. -Round-robin scheduling In this scheduling algorithm, each process is allotted a fixed time unit. There could be extra overhead if time unit per process allotted is very small. Round robin has better average response time than rest of the scheduling algorithms. There cannot be starvation since processes are queued based on any priority. Also there are some desired Properties of Concurrent Programs; these properties will ensure a reliable concurrent program. There are some characteristics that a concurrent program must possess. They can be either a safety or a liveness property. Safety properties assert that nothing bad will ever happen during a program execution. Examples of safety property are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Mutual exclusion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ No deadlock à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Partial correctness A safety property is a condition that is true at all points in the execution of a program. Liveness properties assert that something good will eventually happen during a program execution. Examples include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fairness (weak) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reliable communication à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Total correctness Communicating sequential process Communicating sequential process was introduced in a paper written by C. A. R. Hoare in 1978. In this paper he described how various sequential processes could run in parallel irrespective of the processor (i.e. it can be a single core or multi-core processor). CSP is an integration of two terms, Communication and Sequential process. A communication is an event that is described by a pair C, V, where C is the name of the channel on which communication takes place and V is the value of the message which passes through this channel by C .A. R. Hoare. In a Sequential Process new process cannot be started until the preceding process has completed. As CSP was more of a programming language so most of the syntax and notations were inherited from ALGOL 60 programming language. Most of the notations were single character instead of English words. For example,? and ! represents input and output respectively. CSP inherits the concept of Co routines over old programming structures such as subroutines. The structure of Co routines is comprised of COPY (copies character from output of one process to the input of second process), SQUASH is used to replace specified character with other characters, DISASSEMBLE, ASSEMBLE and REFORMAT. -OCCAM One of the renowned implementation of CSP is occam. It is named after William of Ockam. It is a strict procedural language. It was developed at INMOS. Occam2 programming language is used in most of the software developing companies across the world. It is an extension of occam1 which lacks multi-dimension arrays, functions and other data type support. Occam2 came into existence in 1987s. The latest version is occam2.1 which was developed in 1994. BYTESIN operator, fixed-length array returned from procedures, named data types etc. were some of the new features of occame2.1. the compiler designed for occam2.1 named KRoC (Kent Retargetable occam Compiler) is used to create machine code from different microprocessors. Occam-pi is the name of the new occam variant which is influenced by pi-calculus. It is implemented by newer versions of KRoC. JCSP Java programming language also implements the concept of CSP by JCSP. JCSP is a complete programming implementation of CSP i.e. it does not contain deep mathematical algebra. JCSP is used to avoid race condition, deadlock, live lock and starvation programmatically via java programs. The main advantage of JCSP is that most of the algebraic part is already developed and stored in libraries so the programmer does not require strong mathematical skills. To invoke a method he needs to import these inbuilt libraries. Concurrency Test Tools Design a concurrent application is very challenging task. Maintaining interaction between concurrently executing threads is very difficult task for programmer. It is very difficult to understand the nature of threads from one run of a program as they are nondeterministic. As result, it becomes very difficult for testing and debugging. So it is good idea to invest in techniques which can avoid this conditions aid in the process of development. We are exploring these ideas with tools for concurrency. CHESS This is one of the important tools, created by Microsoft Research, which is used to test multithreaded code systematically. CHESS facilitates both model checking and dynamic analysis. It has the potential to detect race conditions, livelocks, hangs, deadlocks and data corruption issues. Concurrency errors are detected by investigating thread schedules and interleaving and for this it chooses a specialized scheduler on which it repeatedly runs regular unit test. The specialized scheduler creates specific thread interleaving. CHESS controls state space explosion using iterative context bounding which puts a limitation on number of thread switching. This supports scientifically experimented concept that most of the concurrency bugs can be revealed with less number of thread switches. This concept is far better than traditional model checking. CHESS uses Goldilocks lockset algorithm to detect deadlock and race condition. For reporting a livelock, it is anticipated that programmes terminate and exhibit fairness for all threads. THE INTEL THREAD CHECKER Similar to CHESS, INTEL THREAD CHECKER is used for detecting problems in concurrency like data races and deadlock and it also finds out erroneous synchronization. The thread checker makes use of source code or the compiled binary for making memory references and to monitor WIN32 synchronization primitive. At the time of execution, information given by the compiled binary is used for constructing partial order of execution; this step is followed by happens before analysis of the partial order obtained. For improving efficiency and performance, it is better to remember latest access to shared variable than to remember all accesses. The disadvantage of this tool is it cannot find all bugs while analysing long-running applications. RACERX Unlike first two dynamic analysis tools we have discussed above, RACERX is a static analysis tool. It is not required to comment the entire source code rather user gives table which contains specification of APIs which are useful in gaining and releasing locks. Using such small sized tables proves to be advantageous because they lessen the overhead of annotating entire source code. The working of RACERX is carried out in several phases. In the first phase, RACERX builds a Control Flow Graph once it has iterated through each source code file. CFG consists of information about function calls, use of pointers, shared memory and other data. When building CFG is done, calls to these APIs are marked. This first phase is followed by analysis phase which involves checking race condition and deadlock. The last phase is post processing errors reported, the purpose is to prioritize errors by their significance and harmfulness. CHORD This tool is used for Java language, it is context sensitive static analysis tool. Its flow insensitive nature makes it more scalable than other static tools with the disadvantage of low accuracy. It also deals with the distinguishing synchronization primitives available in Java. ZING ZING, a pure model checker tool, verifies the design of multi threaded programs. It has the ability to model concurrent state machines using its own language that describes complex states and transition. It assures the design quality by verifying assumptions and confirming the presence or absence of some conditions. KISS Microsoft Research developed another model checker tool, named KISS (Keep It Simple and Sequential) for concurrent C programs. It converts a concurrent C program into a sequential program that features the operation of interleaving and controls non-determinism. Thereafter, the analysis is performed by a sequential model checker. While using this tool, the programmer is expected to justify the validation of concurrency assumptions. Introduction of multi-core processors increased the importance on concurrency by many folds. Concurrency and multicore processor Multi core processors The computer industry is undergoing a paradigm shift. Chip manufacturers are shifting development resources away from single-processor chips to a new generation of multi-processor chips known as multicores. Multiple processors are manufactured by placing them on the same die. Hence they share the same circuit. A die is a small block of semiconducting material, on which a given functional circuit is fabricated. A) Single Core B) Multi Core Why were they introduced? As we grow further in terms of processing power the hardware industry faces three main challenges Power Amount of power consumed by processors has been increasing as more and more powerful processors have been introduced to the market. The environment cost and the energy needs have compelled the manufacturer as well as organisations to reconsider their strategies to an extent where change in way the processors are manufactured or operate was inevitable. Processors can be overclocked or underclocked. Overclocking a processor increases the number of instructions it can execute but at the same time increases the power consumption; also overclocking a processor does not guarantee a performance improvement as there are many other factors to consider. Increasing the number of processors per core (quad or eight) will further improve the power to performance ratio. Memory clock Memory clock has not improved like the CPU clock hence adding a limitation on the processor performance. Often the instruction to be fetched must be retrieved from relatively slow memory, causing the CPU to stall while waiting for the instruction to be returned. So instead of building faster CPUs underclock it and have more number of cores with their own dedicated memories to have more instructions executed in the same given time. Also the clock speed in itself wont grow infinitely due to fundamental physics it has hit a wall. Chips melt above 5GHz of clock speed. Many possibilities are opened by placing two or more powerful computing cores on a single processor. True concurrent applications can be developed only on multicore processors. On single core processors concurrent applications can overload the processor degrading the performance of the application. On multi-core systems, since each core has its own cache, the operating system has sufficient resources to handle most compute intensive tasks in parallel. What are the effects of the hardware shift on concurrent programming? The free lunch of performance in terms of ever faster processors is over- Microsoft C++ guru Herb Sutter. For past five decades the ever increasing clock speed has carried the software industry through its progress but now the time has come for the software engineers to face the challenge staring directly at them which they have managed to ignore so far. Also as more and more cores are added to hardware the gap between the hardware potential and the s

San Jose Museum of Art :: essays research papers

The San Jose Museum of Art is nicely decorated and furnished museum with many different types of art. I decided to start out by looking at some of the various paintings. There were many different kinds, including traditional oil paintings on canvas as well as ordinary paper. One that stood out in my mind was â€Å"Desert Restaurant† by John Register. It’s a painting of the inside of a diner sitting in the middle of an open desert. The picture gives an eerie sense of isolation. One sculpture that I remember was one by Oliver Jackson, which is untitled. The sculpture appears to be a figure of a human squatting down. The sculpture is made out of Steel, Marble, and Crayon. Besides these, there were many other interesting pieces of art in the Museum including the unique bright chandeliers made of blown glass. I read an article in an old issue of â€Å"Art in America† about the lack of interest many young Americans show toward art in recent years. The article went on to explain how museum attendance was down in most museums compared to 20 years ago. Their main reasoning for this was the basic arguments of the advances in other forms of technology such as Television and computers that draw the attention of young ones away from traditional arts such as museums and live plays. The article went on to say that plays have become more for the highly sophisticated and less for the average person. The average person views a live play as any normal television show and doesn’t recognize the culture aspect attached to it. (Art in America, â€Å"Fading Culture† 1991, 12-14) The San Jose Museum of Art held a lot of interesting types of art, but I think I can understand what the article I read in â€Å"Art in America† was saying. Art has not changed much over time. Art takes a higher level of appreciation and educational level to be truly understood and enjoyed. San Jose Museum of Art :: essays research papers The San Jose Museum of Art is nicely decorated and furnished museum with many different types of art. I decided to start out by looking at some of the various paintings. There were many different kinds, including traditional oil paintings on canvas as well as ordinary paper. One that stood out in my mind was â€Å"Desert Restaurant† by John Register. It’s a painting of the inside of a diner sitting in the middle of an open desert. The picture gives an eerie sense of isolation. One sculpture that I remember was one by Oliver Jackson, which is untitled. The sculpture appears to be a figure of a human squatting down. The sculpture is made out of Steel, Marble, and Crayon. Besides these, there were many other interesting pieces of art in the Museum including the unique bright chandeliers made of blown glass. I read an article in an old issue of â€Å"Art in America† about the lack of interest many young Americans show toward art in recent years. The article went on to explain how museum attendance was down in most museums compared to 20 years ago. Their main reasoning for this was the basic arguments of the advances in other forms of technology such as Television and computers that draw the attention of young ones away from traditional arts such as museums and live plays. The article went on to say that plays have become more for the highly sophisticated and less for the average person. The average person views a live play as any normal television show and doesn’t recognize the culture aspect attached to it. (Art in America, â€Å"Fading Culture† 1991, 12-14) The San Jose Museum of Art held a lot of interesting types of art, but I think I can understand what the article I read in â€Å"Art in America† was saying. Art has not changed much over time. Art takes a higher level of appreciation and educational level to be truly understood and enjoyed.

Optional Helmet Law Is a Disaster for Pennsylvania Essay -- Argumentat

Optional Helmet Law Is a Disaster for Pennsylvania 1. September 4, 2003 was a sad day for Pennsylvanians. Governor Rendell signed the new motorcycle helmet law into effect, sentencing riders to death and increasing the tax burden caused by this new law. Pennsylvania is the 31st state to repeal its all-rider helmet law (Berenson 2). The new law states â€Å"no helmet is required for a person 21 years of age or older who has been licensed to operate a motorcycle for not less than 2 full calender [sic] years or has completed a motorcycle rider safety course approved by the Department of Transportation or the Motorcycle Safety Foundation† (Lobel 3). This new helmet law has increased accident fatalities and the burden on taxpayers. 2. Motorcycle fatality rates due to riding without a helmet are quickly rising. Nationally, motorcycle fatalities have increased 59 percent since 1997 (Motorcycle 1). Between September and December of 2003 in Pennsylvania, helmetless rider fatalities more than doubled, but fatalities decreased in riders wearing helmets (Wlazelek 1). Similarly, research done by the American Journal of Public Health found that motorcycle helmets severely reduce the presence and severity of head injuries resulting from motorcycle accidents (Rowland 4). Obviously, there is strong correlation between helmet use and the number of fatal crashes. The research done across Pennsylvania in the years following the repeal of the all-rider helmet law suggests that helmets do in fact decrease the risk of serious head injuries and death among motorcyclists. According to Judith Stone, increased deaths were enough for Louisiana to reject helmetless riding and revert back to an all-rider helmet law. Louisiana saw a 100 per... ...aw Repeal Concerns Region’s Hospitals. 17 June 2003. 4 October 2004. . Rowland, Jefferson, Frederick Rivara, Phillip Salzberg, and Robert Soderberg. â€Å"Motorcycle helmet use and injury outcome and hospitalization costs from crashes in Washington State.† American Journal of Public Health 86.1 (1996): 41-42. Proquest (general). Penn Coll. Lib., Williamsport. 4 October 2004. . Stone, Judith Lee. Special Commendation to Louisiana Legislature and Governor Blanco For Reinstatement of Lifesaving All-rider Helmet Law. 18 June 2004. 4 October 2004. . Wlazelek, Ann, and John L. Micek. Optional helmet law effect unknown. 30 August 2004. 29 September 2004. .

The Life Of Mozart Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My book report is from the biography of Mozart written by Robert W. Gutman. It was illustrated by the Jacket art courtesy of Music Lovers Society and was published by Harcourt Brace and Company. It was printed in New York City and the year of publication was 1999.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mozart was born in Salzburg, Austria, the son of composer, musical author, and violinist, Leopold Mozart and his wife, Anna Maria Pertl. His given names were Johann Chrysostom Wolfgang Theophilus, the last of which is Gottlieb in German, and Amadeus in Latin. He used Wolfgang and Amadeus in his signature, so he is generally known by these two names.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He displayed marked musical gifts very early, playing the keyboard confidently when aged four, composing his first pieces for it aged five, and quickly mastering the violin. Leopold was keen to exhibit his son's extraordinary talents, along with those of his gifted pianist-daughter, Maria-Anna (called Nannerl) (1751--1829), and he undertook a series of tours across Europe with them when Mozart was just six years old.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1767 the family went to Vienna for five months, where Mozart wrote an opera buffa (comic opera) for the Emperor, La finta semplice (trans, the Pretend Simpleton); and a Singspiel (a German-language opera with some spoken dialogue), Bastien und Bastienne (1769), commissioned by Dr Franz Anton Mesmer. However, in Vienna, the Italian musicians at court, including the composer Antonio Salieri, made it difficult for him to produce his operas. He returned to Salzburg, and was appointed honorary Konzertmeister to Archbishop Sigismund von Schrattenbach.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There followed three extended visits by father and son to Italy (1770--2). Musical experience gained on these tours helped mold Mozart's style, especially in dramatic music. He was prolific, writing sacred vocal pieces and instrumental works too. By 1772 he had written about 25 symphonies (some are lost), and his first quartets. Further quartets and symphonies followed during and after a visit to Vienna in 1773, when he came into contact with Haydn's music. Between 1775--6 he composed two operas: La finta Giardiniera (trans The Lady Who Disguised Herself as a Gardener) and Il Re Pastore (The Shepherd King); five... ...apellmeister of St Stephen's Cathedral. His last complete works were the masonic Singspiel, Die Zauberflote (1791, The Magic Flute); an opera seria, La clemenze di Tito (1791, The mercy of Tito), and a clarinet concerto for Leopold's coronation. Commissioned by an unknown stranger to compose the Requiem Mass, Mozart became obsessed with the idea that it was for his own death, and he died before the work was finished after a three-week fever. No convincing evidence about the cause of death has come to light, although there has been much speculation about it. Deeply in debt at the time of his death, Mozart did not live long enough to enjoy the financial rewards from the success of The Magic Flute, and was buried in a pauper's grave.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even though I did not get a chance to read the whole entire book, I thought that Mozart’s life was interesting and worthwhile. He seemed a little kooky at times, but his music is very beautiful. I thought that Robert W. Gutman did a very good job interpreting Mozarts’ life. The book was a little hard to follow but it gave me much to write about him and learned more about his work.

ICT and society portfolio section Essay

Microsoft word Microsoft Word is a word processor program from Microsoft. It was originally written by Richard Brodie for IBM PC computers running DOS in 1983. Later versions were created for the Apple Macintosh (1984), SCO UNIN, and Microsoft Windows (1989). It became part of the Microsoft Office. Microsoft word is a software package which can be used for school work, course work, home work or personal work such as making posters or fliers. So it is extremely useful, especially if you have untidy handwriting because Microsoft word can improve your presentation not only by improving your writing but also can improve presentation by adding pictures, this can be done using a feature called clipart which allows me too insert pictures to my work. Another good point about this is that it has a feature called spell check, which is handy if you are bad at spelling because if you spelt a word wrong then it will either automatically correct it or show you a list of words to help you. The only bad point about spell check is that it doesn’t recognise every word and that sometimes it uses the American spelling of words. Other god points include the fact that if you are doing something such as an essay or coursework which requires a lot of writing because you can easily change your w ords if you make a mistake whereas if you were writing it out by hand then you would have to rewrite everything from the beginning. Microsoft Excel Excel 2003 enables you to turn data into information with powerful tools to analyze, communicate, and share results. Excel 2003 can help you work better in teams, and help protect and control access to your work. In addition, you can work with industry-standard Extensible Mark-up Language (NML) data to make it easier to connect to business processes. Just like Microsoft word, excel is a software package which can be used for school work, course work, home work or personal work. Mostly excel is used in business’ in order to keep track of financial status and to record data required to run a business. The good points about Microsoft excel is that you can use features such as auto sum which allows you to quickly and easily count up numbers, another feature is the graph function which allows you to create graphs easily, the graphs make the figures easier to understand and improves presentation. Microsoft access Microsoft Access is a relational database management system from Microsoft, packaged with Microsoft Office Professional. Microsoft Access can use data stored in Access/Jet, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, or any ODBC-compliant data container. Skilled software developers and data architects use it to develop powerful, complen application software. Relatively unskilled programmers and non-programmer â€Å"power users† can use it to build simple applications without having to deal with features they don’t understand. Microsoft Access was also the name of a communications program from Microsoft, meant to compete with ProComm and other programs. This Microsoft Access proved a failure and was dropped. Years later Microsoft reused the name for its database software. Microsoft access is normally used in areas such as hospitals in order to keep a record of all the patients. Another area where databases are used is in buissness’ in order to keep track of financial staus and contacts. Microsoft PowerPoint Microsoft publisher Microsoft Publisher is a desktop publishing application from Microsoft. This program helps you easily create, customize, and publish materials such as newsletters, brochures, flyers, catalogs, and Web sites. It is very neat and tidy and improves presentation. People who work in the advertising industry might find publisher very useful because it is very quick and easy to use.

Ethics Hw Week 6

ETHICS HW week 6 - 1. Question Teddys Supplies CEO has asked you to dis home base him on the facts of the end, and your effect of their potential liability. carry through a memo to him which states your view of whether the order is exposed to liability on alone(a) issues you retrieve atomic number 18 in play. involve in your memo every laws which carry and any precedential skids either for or against Teddys vitrine which impact liability. Include your opinion of the worst en courtship of channelize the fraternity may be present to pay to Virginia. Your dish Memo to CEO Your confederation is in fact in liability for neglectfulness in professional personfessionaltecting the best post of your employee, dress. change surface though she participated in many a nonher(prenominal) of the versed badgering situations your upper guidance did anything to stop or pass over any of the activities they were certified of. The people put n charge get outed the compan y and Ms clip by non organism trus cardinalrthy and assuming just as to a greater extent than responsibility as she had in the situation. Per the EEO guidelines An employer is forever liable for badgering by a supervisor that culminated in a glaring purpose action.If the worrying did non leave al wizard to a tactual employment action, the employer is unresistant unless it proves that 1) it exercised reason qualified care to pr even outt and cursorily discipline any badgering and 2) the employee immoderately failed to complain to management or to avoid harm former(a)wise An person qualifies as an employees supervisor if the individual has the authority to urge on tangible employment endings affecting the employee or if the individual has the authority to direct the employees unremarkable work activities.A tangible employment action means a inwardness(a) change in employment status. Examples implicate hiring, firing, promotion, demotion, undesirable reassignme nt, a decision causing a signifi potfult change in benefits, compensation decisions, and work assignment Employers should establish, lurch to whole employees, and enforce a indemnity prohibiting harassment and setting out a procedure for making cares. In nearly parts, the indemnity and procedure should be in writing. Small businesses may be able to discharge their responsibility to prevent and correct harassment through less nut means.For example, if a business is sufficiently nonaged that the owner maintains regular contact with all employees, the owner mint tell the employees at staff meetings that harassment is prohibited, that employees should report much(prenominal) give promptly, and that a complaint can be brought straight to the top. If the business conducts a prompt, thorough, and impartial investigation of any complaint that arises and undertakes swift and appropriate corrective action, it leave sport fulfilled its responsibility to in effect prevent and cor rect harassment http//www. eoc. gov/policy/docs/harassment-facts. html By violating al of the in a higher place content we would recommend that Virginia be awarded damages for adventure pay, a psychological evaluation, a percentage of stocks/shares in the company for coming(prenominal) earnings and action disciplinary to be taken against all parties involved Points receive 25 of 30 Comments How did the management fail her? 2. Question The NJ Human Rights steering found that Pollard was the victim of internal Harassment and disparate treatment. Please conclude these questions a. set up the most underway translation of knowledgeable harassment, including a definition of muckle pro quo and hostile purlieu informal harassment. Name an appellate apostrophize gaffe where an employer was found liable(predicate) for either plenty pro quo or hostile environment knowledgeable harassment. Describe the facts of the case, and the decision the court came to in the case. In clude the citation to the case and a link to it online. Would the case present to Pollards case? Why or wherefore non? Would you want to use this case in Teddys favor or Pollards favor? (10 points)b. formulate which strain of internal harassment that you suspect NJ Human Rights focus found Virginia had been a victim of and why you feel that is the case. Provide law or a case to retain your position. If you feel Pollard was not a victim of harassment in this case, explain why you feel that way, and extend law or a case to last your position(10 points)c. Explain what defenses to cozy harassment Teddys had in this case (Include the reference and citation ofat least twofederal or state knowledgeable harassment case(s) which provide precedential support to your defense statement. (10 points. )d. What is disparate treatment and why do you shepherds crook over the Human Rights commission found it had occurred? Do you agree with this decision? (10 points. ) Your Answer A. The sub judice definition of informal harrassment is a form of sex discrimination. The legal definition of cozy harassment is uninvited verbal, visual, or physical conduct of a sexual nature that is horrific or pervasive and affects on the job(p) conditions or requires a hostile work environment. Quid pro quo, a Latin term meaning this for that, occurs when your boss offers you benefits, or threatens to change your working conditions, ground on your response to his demands for sexual favors. Ill give you a raise if you go out with me. or Ill demote you if you dont apply sex with me are examples of quid pro quo harassment. Hostile environment harassment occurs when physical, verbal, or visual sexual harassment is severe or pervasive enough to reach a hostile or abusive work environment.This type of harassment does not require a loss or threat of loss of your job, or the promise of benefits. Comments about your body, sexual remarks, pornographic pictures displayed at the wo rkplace, and touching and grabbing may all create a hostile work environment. In addition, the conduct must be unwished to you. If you like, want, or welcome the conduct, then you are not being sexually harassed. And if the conduct does not relate to your sex or have sexual references, its not sexual harassment. 1998 the authoritative Court unconquerable in Ellerth v. Burlington Industries, No. 7-569 and Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, No. 97-282 that companies may be held vicariously liable if supervisors sexually harass workers even if the employees do not report the harassment and suffered no tangible loss. By making employers liable for supervisors sexual harassment encourages an employer, as no other regime does, to exercise the greatest attainable care in disguiseing likely managers and in pedagogy, supervising and monitoring supervisory personnel. It gives employers an incentive to put effective policies and training programs in place.In fact, 54% of peril 500 employe rs admitted in one written report that fears of legal exposure prompted them to establish company policies against harassment. And experience has shown these policies and programs work. Companies that have implemented sexual harassment training programs have describe reduced numbers of considers that develop into lawsuits. http//www. hr-guide. com/ entropy/A07202. htm yes this case would apply to pollards case because in this case too the sexual harassment was not being reported. The companies were too held liable for what was going on with their employers. B.I think they used the basic form of sexual haraasment in th eworkplcae because the boss did not threaten her with sexual advances but condonednthe mistreatment the other male person employees had put on her. Even though she did not properly report the abuse I do feel that she was a victim because she encountered several incidents where her compensate swere violated. C. On June 26th, the U. S. Supreme Court decided the follo wing two cases Burlington Industries v. Ellerth FactsThe employee, Kimberly Ellerth, worked for Burlington Industries from March 1993-May 1994, as a salesperson in one of Burlingtons divisions in Chicago, Ill.During her employment, she claims she was subjected to constant sexual harassment by her supervisor, Ted Slowik. Slowik was a mid-level manager. Burlington has eight divisions, employing more than 22,000 people in 50 plants some the U. S. Slowick was a vice president in one of five business units indoors one of the divisions. He had authority to gather hiring and promotion decisions subject to the approval of his supervisor, who subscribe the paperwork. Slowik was not Ellerths immediate supervisor. Ellerth worked in a two-person office in Chicago, and she answered to her colleague, who in turn answered to Slowik in New York. ttp//www. lkorn-law. com/articles/relevent/supreme_decides_sex_har. htm Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, and Burlington Industries Inc. v. Ellerth, the Supreme Court basically stated that the employer is responsible for the actions of the supervisor, even when the employer is un informed of the supervisors behavior. An employer can no longer claim that they did not know about the sexual harassment because the employee did not inform them, nor can they claim that they were un sensitive of the supervisors behavior.Out of the two cases listed above the runner one is relevant to the case because even though she was disciplined for cell earpiece usage she was still sent to some other area to be subjected to further necrosis by her male co-workers. The second case states where even though the Pollard did not reprt the abuse the supervisor was well aware of what was going on. D. Intentional discriminatory transaction with individuals having a disability or belong to a particular group based on their age, ethnicity, race, or sex. The Human Rights commssion maxim that Pollard was discriminated on due to her sex.Yes I fully agree with t heir decision. She should be awarded for all damages and future earnings. I would not want that particular job back but one in other(prenominal) area with maybe the same(p) company. register more http//www. businessdictionary. com/definition/disparate-treatment. htmlixzz17DKebnxM Points real 40 of 40 Comments Great that you answered all parts of the question Also I like that you used the case in which the cell phone discipline took place while it was determined that harassment occurred. This shows that 2 wrongs do not make a right 3. Question The CEO asks you to reexamine the sexual harassment policy soon in place, which Virginia sign. He wants you to provide him with winds for change to it. Review the policy and give triplet recommendations for changes, enhancements and ideas for making the policy stronger. Include your reasons for these suggestions. If you adventure information online for making these changes, include citations and/or links to that information. Expl ain how your suggestions may have protected Teddys in this case. Support these recommendations with current case law. Your Answer The contract signed by Virginia was vague. It similarly states that there ordain be a warning. She was terminated immediately. My suggestion would be to go further by having the employees attend sexual harassment training. They should also offer some type of support for their employees who think they are experiencing it or in reality experiencing it. They should also make the supervisors and all employees aware of their no tolerance policy. An employer should correct harassment that is clearly unwelcome regardless of whether a complaint is filed.For example, if there is graffiti in the workplace containing racial or sexual epithets, management should not wait for a complaint before erasing it. An employer should ensure that its supervisors and managers escort their responsibilities under the organizations anti-harassment policy and complaint procedur es. An employer should screen applicants for supervisory jobs to see if they have a history of engaging in harassment. If so, and the employer deals much(prenominal) a candidate, it must take move to monitor actions taken by that individual in order to prevent harassment.An employer should keep records of harassment complaints and check those records when a complaint of harassment is made to collapse any patterns of harassment by the same individuals. http//www. eeoc. gov/policy/docs/harassment-facts. html Points Received 18 of 20 Comments How should the employer support employees? 4. Question How would Pollards case be impacted if her replacement had been a female? Would her case be polar? Would her damages be different? Explain your answer. Your Answer Had Pollard been replaced by a female it would make her case weaker stating that it was her and her quotation in that position that caused the men to play off the way that they did towards her. Replacing her with anot her male shows guilt on the companies side. Had they not been aware of the situation at hand or been doing something to avoid it, it wouldnt have made a difference if they would have hired another female. Her case would have been different because had they hired another female would have shown them being less guilty of any of the accusations against them. ecause they did hire a male, made them look more cautious or even suspicious. I dont know for sure if her damages would have been different but her case would have been. she was awarded damages on the jury idea she was fired unlawfully. Points Received 5 of 10 Comments Why do we blame the adult female? The employer has a duty to protect its employees from harassment that means the men MUST be required to abstain from harassment not just work with all men. screwing of Form

Hayleys Consumer HR policy

You dont need to get a team policy on every aspect of your organization.Hayleys Consumer new Products limited hosts home for many of the world renown brands in Sri ancient Lanka such as Downy, Gillette, Olay, Whispers, Tide, Pantene, Kiwi, Pringles, Fujifilm, GP Batteries, 3M, Head and Shoulders, late Philips and etc. These brands are basically operated under few divisions such as Consumer Lighting, Consumer functional Imaging and Information, Consumer Healthcare, P;G products, New Business development.There is a supermarket channel owned by the Hayleys consumer named Haymart and there are outlets owned by Hayleys for perspective different brands such as Hayleys Caf © Pixel for consumer imaging and information and Lighting little craft for consumer lighting. Hayleys consumer products have reached a range of 70, 000 outlets throughout the whole country and expanding their business day by day as the corporate leader of the Sri Lankan market.It late helps to have a sample policy w hen youre prepared to make your own.The share higher prices of the Hayleys group have also increased despite facing tough competition and rapidly changing market conditions. Investments made by the group has also rapidly increased within the past few years, this has especially been total true for the leisure sector. 2.Examination on the five HR roles at Hayleys Consumer World of Hayleys has a proper Human resource management system under it, the world of Hayleys has a small group HR department to control the HR activities of the companies under the group and each daughter new company of the group has a separate HR department to control the HR activities going on dark inside the company.

Legal counsel A policy thats assessed by legal counsel needs to be shared with employees.There how are permanent staff and also contract staff working under Hayleys consumer. Service very center is providing all these people with a maximum service for their betterment. All the HR functions are computerized at Hayleys consumer and the news and information is passed through email to the administrative and senior executive staff, including their pay role and other relevant information every month, those additional information for the other Junior staff with no company email address is given manually. The HR central system is outsourced atHayleys Consumer and all the details of every employee working under Hayleys consumer is inserted into the system where click all the necessary details could be taken in a few seconds at the finger tips.Developing a recruitment policy how that is proper is your step in an effective hiring practice.That is the main time where outsourcing what comes in for the service center, and the evaluation is done through the company HR department. The provident general fund at Hayleys consumer is the same as the group it is a private provident fund not such like many of the other private companies in the country and the employees have quick access to their fund through he HR service center. . 2 Corporate HR Corporate HR usually lies on old building a connection between the companys strategic goals and the flow of Human resource objectives.

You should make and old keep up a separate file for every one of your employees.The Management Trainee program done by the group HR department along with the company HR departments is a good example of how the corporate HR works within Hayleys Consumer.Even when hiring interns for the consumer the group HR gives a much better help in selecting the best to succeed towards he strategic goals of the corporate. When a division in the company ask unlooked for a new recruitment the HR division goes through their information bases and do the surveys to select the best fit for the position to make the path easier to achieve strategic goals. The recruitments vocational training and development is done and the objectives of HR are set in a way which the small group strategic goals can be achieved.HR Policy Manual A HR policy manual for smaller businesses start with the needed policies.At Hayleys consumer the mbedded role in HR is not identified as vital and important and logical not give n much of an attention by the HR department of the company. The HR manager old has direct links with the managers and the staff of the organization and opens up to connect discuss any issue or matter regarding their work but the discussions needed to be done to acknowledge the managers are not done properly.Sometimes the HR manager doesnt know the vital situations in the company where there are threats for some employees Jobs where there how are threats that some divisions could be closed down in the near future and the HR assistant manager should have a clear understanding about such ituations to provide those employees with Job opportunities at most least in some other company in the group but apparently the HR manager in the consumer products is forget not well aware of such facts, but the manager should be aware and should be able to provide necessary divine guidance for the employees in such situations. .

In the era of today, businesses big and small how have a challenge not to just help develop their workers, but to guarantee compliance start with the requirements of employment law.2. 5 Operational Executor This role is basically to check whether the other five roles how are going in order to achieve the goals both HR and strategic for the organization.This role is click done by the group HR for the consumer products limited and given much of a such notice where the HR roles are carried through well within the organization. Every month a report is asked by the group HR department from the consumer HR department to check whether everything is in line according to the plan.Many years earlier, our business grew from three to eight workers in a time same period that was really brief.Employees need to be favorable and collaborative.

Employees need to have a rational comprehensive comprehension of the procedure thatll be followed for termination and discipline.Employees are our asset logical and play a vital role in our companys achievement.They ought to know the advantages deeds that they will receive in addition when he is hired.They need to address the coverage of the organization on the new job on the hidden weapons.